The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children Essays

The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children Essays The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children Essay The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children Essay The Psychological Effects of Divorce on Children Dee Whitworth Angelina College Abstract Divorce can have many psychological effects on a child. When a marriage ends in divorce, a child of the marriage may view the divorce the same as if a parent has died. During the period following a parental separation a child may have feelings of denial, anxiety, abandonment, anger, guilt, depression and conflicts of loyalty. Because of the pain and emotional damage the child is sure to suffer, many parents stay in a dysfunctional marriage believing it is the best thing for their child. There are some cases where staying together for the sake of the child can actually be detrimental to the child. A parent can diminish the negative effects of a divorce by supporting and reassuring their children, before, during and after the separation. A parent can rebuild the child’s sense of security by reestablishing stability. If parents do not take the time to address the emotional needs of the child during the process of a divorce, parents can damage their relationship with their child and the emotional development of the child. Keywords: Divorce, Psychological effects, Children Divorce is a stressful time for every member of a family. The psychological effects of a child during this stressful time depend in part on the age of the child and the parents’ ability to control their emotions and to work together to sooth and reassure the child. Hetherington and Stanley-Hagan (1999) believe children in this age group are too young to understand what is happening. Even though these children may not understand what is happening between their parents, they may sense the distress their parents are feeling, and react negatively. According to Cohen (2002), â€Å"Infants and children younger than 3 years may reflect their caregivers’ distress, grief, and preoccupation; they often show irritability, increased crying, fearfulness, separation anxiety, sleep and gastrointestinal problems, aggression, and developmental regression† (p. 1019). The parents of a child in this age group need to work together to foster feelings of security in their child. According to Henning and Oldham (1977), Parents of pre-school hildren that establish consistent routines and reassure their children that they will not be abandoned are able to reestablish a child’s sense of security. Children that are four and five years of age sometimes feel that they are to blame for their parent’s divorce. They feel that if they had not been bad their parents would not be getting divorced. Additionally, children in this age group tend to believe that they can make their parents reconcile by being a good child. According to Henning and Oldham (1977), â€Å"Young children and pre-school children have an incomplete and confused understanding of what has caused such a radical change in the family routine† (p. 55). Cohen (2002) states that â€Å"At 4 to 5 years of age, children often blame themselves for the breakup and parental unhappiness, become more clingy, show externalizing behavior (acting out), misperceive the events of the divorce situation, fear that they will be abandoned, and have more nightmares and fantasies† (p. 1019). It has been implied that boys in this age group have a harder time adjusting to the divorce than young girls. According to Max (1970), the effects of an absent father are felt the most by boys aged four to six. Hetherington and Stanley-Hagen (1999) found that â€Å"Fathers involvement has been found to be greater with sons following divorce and to be more important for the development of boys than of girls† (p. 132). You could argue that the reason for this is because sons get their gender identify from their father, so the loss of a father affects a boy more than it does a girl. Parents can alleviate some of the anxiety of the child by allowing the father access to the child. If it is not possible for the father to maintain a close relationship with the child, due to violence or sexual abuse, the mother should take steps to find a suitable male role model to help her children, like a coach or scout leader (Sugar, 1970, p. 592). Gardner (1977) tells us that children often use a male teacher as a surrogate father figure. Adolescents and teenagers are more likely to openly show their anger toward their parents and become depressed during a divorce. They are more likely to act out by stealing, lying and becoming sexually promiscuous. These behaviors can lead the child to become pregnant or associate with other children who are also displaying delinquent behavior (Hetherington and Stanley-Hagan, 1999, p. 131). Cohen (2002) has stated that â€Å"School-aged children may be moody or preoccupied; show more aggression, temper, and acting out behavior; seem uncomfortable with gender identity; and feel rejected and deceived by the absent parent. School performance may decrease, and they may agonize about their divided loyalties and feel that they should be punished† (p. 1019). Adolescents and teenagers are often torn between their parents and show an alliance to one parent over the other parent. This alliance makes it difficult for the child to talk to one parent without feeling as if they are betraying their loyalty to the other parent. The alliance may also be utilized by the child to manipulate their parent (Henning @ Oldham, 1977, p. 56). Some children in this age group deal with their negative feelings by pulling away from their parents and becoming more independent. Hetherington and Stanley-Hagan (1999) found that â€Å"Some girls actually seem to be enhanced by dealing with the responsibilities, independence, and challenges associated with divorce in a supportive environment† (p. 132). Although some girls do seem to thrive after a divorce, they often grow into young women who set exceptionally high expectations for themselves, but still feel inadequate no matter how much they may accomplish. Although divorce has been found to enhancement some girls, it is rarely found that divorce has enhanced boys (Hetherington @ Stanley-Hagan, 1999, p. 132). Some parents maintain their unhappy marriage because they fear a divorce would negatively affect their child. In some cases, maintaining a turbulent marriage may be more detrimental to a child than an actual divorce (Rosen, 1977, p. 26). Additionally, â€Å"children adjust better in a harmonious single parent household that in an acrimonious two-parent household† (Hetherington @ Stanley-Hagan, 1999, p. 37). This confirms that a child can be negatively affected when parents try to stay together for the sake of the child. Rhona Rosen, M. A. , interviewed 92 children of divorce and found that â€Å"73 children stated in the strongest terms that they would not have chosen to have their parents stay together in conflict† (Rosen, 1977, p. 24). Parents who maintain a combative relationship for the sake of the child are actua lly hurting the child’s psychological development more than if they divorced. Hetherington and Stanley-Hagan (1999) believe â€Å"Children whose parents will later divorce is already showing problems in adjustment many years before the divorce† (p. 133). Children who are well adjusted before divorce are better able to adapt and navigate through the stressful time of divorce. Children who were poorly adjusted before a divorce continue having problems after a divorce and are at greater risk for adjustment problems in later life (Hetherington, 1999, p. 133). A lack of parental communication and guidance causes great distress to a child during a pending divorce. The paramount problem of children during the divorce process is that the adults involved in marital strife are not looking for ways in which to help their children adjust to the transition, but are searching for ways to implement their own personal life readjustment† (Henning @ Oldham, 1977, p. 56). Parents neglect to talk to their child the divorce because they fear giving too much informatio n would be detrimental to the child. This lack of information causes the child to blame themselves for the divorce or to come up with their own explanations for their parent’s divorce, which could be worse than the actual reasons for the divorce. According to Gardner (1977), â€Å"To deprive the children of information regarding the major issues that brought about the divorce can only produce distrust of the parents at a time when they are most in need of a trusting relationship† (p. 4). Couples that have friendly, cooperative relationships do not usually get divorced. When a relationship deteriorates and a couple decides to divorce, and there is a child involved, they need to put aside their hostilities and focus on the needs of the child. A child who is a product of divorce who has loving, supportive, communicative parents is more likely to be happy and social well adjusted. Alternatively, a child who is a product of divorce and has parents who remain combative and hostile is more likely to suffer depression and have dysfunctional relationships throughout their life. References Cohen, G. (2002). Helping Children and Families Deal With Divorce and Separation. American Academy of Pediatrics, 110(6), 1019-1023. Gardner, R. (1977). CHILDREN OF DIVORCE-SOME LEGAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 6(2), 3-6. Henning, J. , Oldham, J. (1977). CHILDREN OF DIVORCE: LEGAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL CRISES. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 6(2), 55-58. Hetherington, E. , Stanley-Hagan, M. (1999). The Adjustment of Children with Divorced Parents: A Risk and Resiliency Perspective. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry Allied Disciplines, 40(1), 129-140. Rosen, R. (1977). CHILDREN OF DIVORCE: WHAT THEY FEEL ABOUT ACCESS AND OTHER ASPECTS OF THE DIVORCE EXPERIENCE. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 6(2), 24-26. Sugar, M. (1970). CHILDREN OF DIVORCE. Pediatrics, 46(4), 588-595.

Does Global Marketing Exist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Does Global Marketing Exist - Essay Example The best thing is that the benefits and disadvantages are determined even before the organization goes the global way and thus it saves itself from embarrassment which it might face without having proper knowledge and adequate research within it. The significant thing here is to get prepared and be ready for what is to come in the future as concerns to the organization that one is talking about here. The ways and means that are usually taken care of whilst managing a business are aplenty and it is only up to the top management within a company that the same can be handled in a several different methods. They are the ones to decide as to what is the real manner in which the firm’s operations would be handled as well as who will head the respective departments, lead the business strategic units and act as legal and media representatives of the said business. The business, as marketers say, exists to satisfy its target audience through fulfilling a need courtesy its products and/or services or a combination of the both, the same being true in case of a retail outlet which sells gasoline to local consumers, thus giving in petrol plus extra services in the form of window cleaning, fuel gauge checks and so on and so forth. A company or an organization needs sound management framework at its top so that the staff and the employees working at different levels feel at ease with th e job as well as the working environment. This indeed is very important as it builds long-term credibility of the organization that it cares about its employees and not just the customers and in cases profits and revenues only. (Knight, 2004) A formal organization takes into account the role of leadership at the top and the manner in which this leadership is basically carried about, both in the interests of the people within the company as well as the company itself so that the end result is one on which everyone solemnly agree,

MARKETING INTELLINGENCE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MARKETING INTELLINGENCE - Assignment Example 50). Example, when an individual feels thirst he or she will have need to buy water or a cold drink. Stage4: The decision of purchasing. After the consumer has gone through the above stages and evaluated the solutions, he will choose the brand that suits him according to his needs. Then the consumer will go ahead with the real purchase of the products. Stage5: Post purchase behavior and evaluation. After the consumer purchased the product, he or she will carry out customer’s analysis. This is to know whether the product is useful to you or not. And also knowing if it had fulfilled the needs or not (GERBER, 2008 p. 50). In conclusion, it’s very important for the consumer to carry out specific research and follows the five stages before and after purchasing a given product that he or she may need. This will enable him or her to have the right product without a regret. There are a number of theories which are in line with the buyer behavior in terms of individuals and market. These theories include environmental theory of buying behavior, generic theory of buying behavior, cultural theory and internal theory of buying behavior. This is explained below. Environmental Theory of buying behavior: Individuals can show different buying behavior basing on the situation and the environment the individual is in. The environment in which the individual is will make very big measure in the market in which the individual is in. Example an individual can be in the supermarket and buy a water bottle at a cheap price, but after a long day of working in a busy place the individual will buy that bottle of water at a higher price than it was in the supermarket (HOWARD, 1969 p. 45). Cultural theory of buying behavior: The individual and market behavior of a buyer can be affected by the culture in which the individual is in. When an individual was being raised and brought up in the family, the person’s behavior can be influenced by the family member. Example the

Writing To Entertain - Commentary Essay Example for Free

Writing To Entertain Commentary Essay The piece entitled Lets Talk About Sex is a piece written to simply entertain its audience. The text is in no way formal or serious, as it is written for a mens magazine and deals with modern issues in a modern way. The readers of this text are intended to be predominantly male between the ages of 16 and 35. The ideal reader of this text would be a stereotypical man who is looking for a light read during his lunch break at the office. The text itself is very euphoric, and arouses many emotions in the reader as he/she progresses through the article. For example, sympathy arises within the reader when they read the opening paragraph (Tuesday, and I pace up and down the bar of my.). Sympathy is created here as the audience can relate to what the author is experiencing, there is no one I can think of who hasnt been set a task of which they do not know how to complete. Sympathy is also created in this paragraph when the reader discovers the authors job severely lacks excitement. The sentence, A couple of hours pass and Ive had no progress, still behind the bar, still waiting for a customer to lighten up my day, uses repetition to emphasise the boredom that I used to go through whilst stood at that bar. Once again, this allows the audience to connect with the text as most people have had a long, laborious day at work at some point or another. These negative emotions are short lived however, as excitement is created by t he use of the metaphor, Like a chicken in a slaughter house, suddenly realising its purpose in life. This crude sense of humour is very male and was used with the intention of capturing the right target audience. The text continues to exploit human emotions to capture its audience throughout. The style of the text is obviously informal; it is designed to be the sort of read a man would want to bring him down to earth after a day in a busy working environment. I did this in several ways. Firstly, I avoided using long and heavy sentences. All the sentences that I used were very pithy, having an intended meaning without dragging on. The use of short sentences and paragraphs makes the text very fast paced and snappy, so that the reader is not bogged down with thoughts about how a specific sentence is supposed to be interpreted and thus keeping the readers interest alive throughout the entire article. Frameworking was especially important to consider whilst writing this text. The lexis used could not be complicated, as the target audience would not appreciate confusing words, which they may or may not understand. The use of much hyperbole was implemented to keep the excitement flowing, thus entertaining the audience further. You can see the use of hyperbole in the sentence, With sheer determination, and the risk of handing in my coursework late, I give a mighty roar and run into the abyss. Semantics and Pragmatics were also used throughout the text. For example, in the sentence that I described above (With sheer determination, and the risk), the obvious meaning is that I actually roared and ran into a smoke filled field of battle. The harsh reality of this is that I was actually telling myself to ignore the stigmas attached to online dating, but the pragmatics of the sentence keep the article witty and humorous, which in my opinion are key aspects of writing to entertain. To look at another example of semantics versus pragmatics, you can observe the use of socialect in the text. Words such as Whack are used to emphasise pace, slang such as crap are used to connect with the audiences way of speaking, and to make them feel more at home with the text. As I mentioned at the start of this commentary, the article is very euphoric. This was purposely done to help the audience to connect with the piece. For example, when I discovered that one of my contacts was nothing like what I had expected her to be, I made sure that I emphasised the shock I experienced in my writing. Click the link and Holy Crap! Shes Huge!. I also decided to defy the laws of English language here and use a little graphology to replace them. Instead of using one capital H for the word Holy, I decided to capitalise the start of each word to emphasise this shock. Connecting with the audience is a major part of entertaining, so I made sure I did lots of it. To tighten the knot between reader and text, I decided to throw in a little sarcasm and irony (attributes which are constantly used by todays comedians), just for good measure. Sarcasm is used to deceive the audience, and then surprise them with something they did not expect. A good example of this is clear in the sentences, I get through the door of my 4 bedroom house and receive a warm welcome. Washing up needs doing you lazy arse!. Irony is used to get the audience to sympathise with what I was going through at the time. Everybody knows that when you type something as simple as Online Dating Agencies into google.com, youre going to get millions of results. But by ignoring this fact and doing it anyway, I could develop irony and make the reader of the text scream out aloud you should of known that was going to happen!. I have many hopes for this piece of writing. Firstly, I obviously hope it gets me a good grade, but I also hope that it achieves its aim; to entertain, without being superficial. Unfortunately, due to a series of nasty illnesses on my part and some mix-ups with teachers, I was unable to accompany this text with the graphology I had planned due to time constraints. I had planned to set this article into a replica of a page in the best selling (and one of my personal favourites) mens magazine; FHM. Despite this, I have thoroughly enjoyed writing this piece, and hope you have had as much pleasure in reading it.

Brave New World :: Essays Papers

Brave New World Brave New World, by Aldous Huxley, while fictitiously showing the future possible advances of science and technology, is actually warning people of what science could become. In the Foreword of Brave New World, Huxley states: â€Å"The theme of Brave New World is not the advancement of science as such; it is the advancement of science as it affects human individuals† (xi). He is not suggesting that this is how science should advance, but that science will advance the way that people allow it to. The novel is not supposed to depict a â€Å"utopian† society by any means, but it is supposed to disturb the reader and warn him not to fall into this social decay. Huxley uses satire to exploit both communism and American capitalism created by Ford. Huxley’s first example of satire is that he shows elements of communism in the World State. Dictatorship is an element of communism and is shown in Brave New World by means of the World Controller, Mustapha Mond. In the World State, people â€Å"belong† to everyone else. Mustapha Mond, when lecturing students, says, â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢every one belongs to every one else’† (40). This thought in the novel is similar to that of communism where everyone shares everything. In Brave New World, however, Huxley takes this thought to another level. Sex, in the World State, is encouraged to occur with everybody. Even kids are encouraged to participate. People are scolded for having only one partner. Fanny, Lenina’s friends said, â€Å"’I really do think you ought to be careful. It’s such horribly bad form to go on and on like this with one man†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬  (41). Lenina could possibly be punished for â€Å"having† only one man. This is how Huxley uses satire to exploit communism. Huxley also uses satire to show that consumption is becoming a religion in America. Henry Ford is a god in this novel because he invented the assembly line. The assembly line creates a means for mass production of items. In the novel, mass production is how people are born. Because of this, Ford is an ideal god for the World State. He symbolizes a religion that lets a ruler rob people of their individuality for progress and stability. People in the novel use the name of Ford like people today use God’s name. Bernard, when talking to Lenina, said, â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢for Ford’s sake, be quiet!’† (90).

Chinese Masks Essay

Chinese masks first appeared in China some 3,500 years ago primarily used for Chinese shamanism. Chinese masks became an age old cultural phenomenon shared by all ethnic groups in China. The Chinese developed such masks to overcome disasters and to protect their lives. These masks were given many functions like, communicating with the gods, bringing blessings, driving away ghosts, warding off diseases, and lots of sacrificial rituals involving masks were regularly held. Many traditional ceremonies held in China involved the use of masks, for example masks are worn during elaborate Chinese New Year celebrations. In addition masks were used for other festive occasions like, religious ceremonies, the birth of children, keeping one’s home safe, and masks for theatrical performances as well. Some of the most popular masks like the Dragon mask represent good fortune and prosperity. This mask is an important part of Chinese heritage and no Chinese New Years celebration is without it. Another type of mask in the Chinese culture is the modern Chinese Opera mask which are either painted on or worn as a thin cloth mask. The tradition of facial make up started from totems created centuries ago. Chinese mask are made of numerous materials like stones and metals, leather and cloth, wood and clay, ceramics and glass, paper and grass, . Then they are painted with many different color themes and designs. The masks were either worn or displayed. Some masks may represent animal or human characteristics like the lion or dragon. Red is also a very popular color and seen in many celebrations. Even in modern day Chinese cultural and around the world many people use Chinese masks because they portray a high cultural and artistic value. They are used today in Operas to depict the personality of the character, and also used as decoration. Their beauty is highly regarding with incredible detail, and colorful designs. I chose Chinese masks because of my interest in the Asian culture along with the fact that they are beautiful to look at, and the thought of actually making one is very exciting. Bibliography Patricia Buckley Ebrey. The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge Illustrated Histories: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Gender Roles Essay - 1113 Words

Gender Roles Written Paper #1 Rory Muskin SOC101C15 Kristin Grant Abstract Assignment Instructions After watching the films, write a response paper (4-5 paragraphs) based upon on the following questions: 1) Are the differences between boys and girls based upon biology, or are they just social constructions? Include educational material to support the position. 2) How could children learning specific roles for boys and girls be harmful to society? Include educational material to support the position. 3) Are the gender roles for boys and girls as limiting as in previous generations or are they beginning to change? Include educational material to support the position. Submit your†¦show more content†¦Physically, women were built to with stand more pain, necessary for child birth, and a body that was tailored towards nursing the children, with softer edges. Her brain was also built for problem solving, but was instilled with so much more. She was also capable of compation, tenderness, intelligence, multitasking, and reason. These traits that were given to women, had to be taught to man, and would help in the evolution of our species as humans (Eckert, Penelope and McConnell-Ginet, Sally, 1997). These basic and primitive rules that were ingrained in us by nature have been the essence of human civilization. Over the last hundred years, these rules have been broken. Man, through the female protests, were now starting to see that women were so much more than home makers who were being pushed around by man for ages. Women’s voices were starting to be heard. For too long has society deemed what was right for women (whose laws were written by man)? As women gained rights, so did man’s perception on women start to gain more respect. From the days of â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, when women were involved in what was once man’s work, keeping the workforce going at home while the majority of men were off at WWII. 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