Foundations of Psychology Paper - 785 Words

Running Head: FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY PAPER Foundations of Psychology Paper PSY/300 November 7, 2011 Betsy Ferronato Foundations of Psychology Paper * This paper will discuss the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions. The paper will also identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior. According to our reading in psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior. Mental processes include how a person thinks, feels, remembers as well as a person’s behavior. When a doctor needs to understand a person they need to know the person’s biology, psychological experience, and cultural context. What people experience during†¦show more content†¦* * A person’s physical body plays a vital role in how they behave. The nervous system carries signals to and from the brain, the spinal cord, glands, and muscles. Our nerve endings also are stimuli receptors; transmit a signal to the brain. When this happens it causes neurons inside the brain to be activated which produces a reaction. This reaction can be a muscle to contract or relax, or it might be to tell a gland to produce adrenalin it stressed or scared. The genetic make-up of a person will influence how the brain will react to different stimuli. The environment the person was raised in and previous experiences also play a factor. If a person has a disease or has had a brain injury then the signals may not carry as well to the brain or nervous system as well. An example is a person with Multiple sclerosis (M.S.) the signals do not always travel a smooth and straight path from the nervous system to the brain. * Reference: Kowalski, R., amp; Westen, D. (2009). Psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Multiple Sclerosis. (2011). Retrieved on November 7, 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/DS00188 Nervous System. (2011). 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Censorship of Howard Hawks’ Film, Scarface Essay - 2339 Words

An Examination into Howard Hawks’ Film Scarface (1932), and Whether This Film Was Truly Dangerous, Deeming the Necessity for Censorship This paper discusses the controversial issue of censorship of Howard Hughes’ film Scarface (1932) while presenting the opinions of the proponents and opponents of the practice of censorship in Scarface. Although Scarface (1932), was thought to be a dangerous film during the 1930s, the film, in general, only portrayed the violence that already existed in the society at that time. The film wasn’t a â€Å"clear and present danger† to the public; therefore, the film shouldn’t have been censored. Changes that were made to the film at the behest of the Hays’ Office , may have been out of good intentions but†¦show more content†¦Hollywood had every right to make films on controversial topics, but various censorship boards thought otherwise, and these censorship boards felt that it was necessary to have c ommunity restrictions on immoral topics of controversy such as adultery, prostitution and divorce. The question was how censorship should be placed on films as well as to what extent in the way these controversial topics were presented (Black 53). Continuing the battle over screen content was not an easy task—issues were intensified as United States was facing the greatest economic decline in U.S. history caused by the Depression. As economic conditions were declining, the film making technology was improving greatly, making more exciting movies by turning â€Å"silent cinema† into â€Å"sound movies† (Black 53). Having this new technology allowed a more realistic form of entertainment that was different to other forms of entertainment such as novels. Consequently, these pictures became a great fascination to the public, offering a kind of cultural escape valve to which audiences could explore serious controversial issues that were comparative to the era that they were living in. Given that film producers were including contemporary controversial issues in their film along with the new technology of â€Å"sound movies† became a great controversial problem considering the morality of all audience s (women, men and children of all ages). One typeShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Motion Picture Code of the Great Depression1206 Words   |  5 Pages The Motion Picture Code of the Great Depression During the times of the Great Depression, film was viewed as a valuable importance to people. Film during this time of distress contributed to the maintenance of the national morale of America. During this time Hollywood played a valuable part, getting over eighty million Americans to attend theaters, but soon it would become a lot harder as America continued living in the Great Depression. Everyone in America, even the most troublingRead MoreClassicism and Modernism Essay2724 Words   |  11 Pageswas the golden-age of a new era of filmmaking. The films of that period went beyond the silent films being produced in the past. Diagetic sounds like dialogue and more advanced filmic techniques would push cinema to a new mode of filmmaking, that being classicism. The classical Hollywood structure was being developed in the past with silent films but it came to full fruition in the 30’s, where many filmmakers would produce feature-length films with fully developed storylines and the use of glamorous

Gestalt Therapy Essay Example For Students

Gestalt Therapy Essay Quotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph. D. †¢ I am not in this world to live up to other peoples expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. Fritz Perls 1 2 Theory of Personality †¢ A person exists by differentiating self from other by connecting self other †¢ These are the two functions of a boundary †¢ The boundary between self environment must be permeable to allow for exchanges, yet firm enough to enable autonomous action †¢ When the boundary becomes unclear, lost, or impermeable, mental emotional disturbance results 3 Gestalt †¢ A gestalt, or whole, both includes transcends the sum of its parts †¢ It cannot be understood simply as a sum of smaller, independent events †¢ It is chiefly that distinctive emphasis on looking to the whole for the meaning of the parts that unites a group of theorists into what is called the Gestalt school of psychology 4 Gestalt Therapy †¢ Fritz Perls (1893-1970) / wife Laura Perls (1905-1990) Gestalt Therapy Existential Phenomenological – it is grounded in the client’s â€Å"here and now† †¢ Initial goal is for clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing doing now – Promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking about situations – Rather than talk about a childhood trauma the client is encouraged to become the hurt child – Main originator developer of Gestalt Therapy †¢ Gestalt therapy – an existential/phenomenological approach †¢ Therapists try to i ncrease clients’ awareness †¢ Clients are expected to do their own seeing, feeling, sensing, interpreting 6 1 Gestalt Therapy An Overview †¢ Gestalt Therapy is another type of counseling that is based upon the existential framework. Key elements include: – 1. A Phenomenological Basis—You are seeking to focus on the client’s perception of reality – 2. Experiential—The client is being asked to come to understand about what and how they are thinking, feeling, and doing as they interact with the therapist and the other people in the world Gestalt Therapy An Overview – 3. We will write a custom essay on Gestalt Therapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Existential—The person is to take responsibility for their destiny and identity †¢ The client is also encouraged to work in the â€Å"here and now,† not in the â€Å"there and then† – 4. Awareness—A key element in this theory is helping the client come to an awareness of what he or she is doing and experiencing †¢ This involves dropping those behaviors and barriers that would stop someone from experience one’s self 8 7 Gestalt Therapy An Overview †¢ Experiments—The therapist designs experiments to increase the client’s awareness of what he or she is doing, experiencing, and how he or she is doing it. 9 A Gestalt View of Human Nature Gestalt’s basic understanding of the human being is that people can deal with their problems, especially if they become fully aware of what is happening within oneself and outside of oneself †¢ Change happens in a person’s life when he or she can reintegrate a disown ed part of the self back into the mix of identity – A disowned part of the self is something that may conflict with how one perceives the self 10 A Gestalt View of Human Nature †¢ Problems begin when a person tries to be who or what he or she isn’t – Living with â€Å"masks† and being inauthentic does not promote change – In fact it promotes stagnation of the personality A Gestalt View of Human Nature †¢ Gestalt is a process of â€Å"reowning† parts of the self that have been disowned – This unification process leads to the goal of becoming strong enough to proceed with one’s own personal growth †¢ According to Gestalt, the more a person tries to be who they are not, the more they stay the same 11 †¢ Client needs to be in their current position and be aware of what they are, as opposed to trying to become what they are not †¢ Change takes place when a person is more aware of who and what he or she is – Once that is accepted, change towards a goal can take 12 place The Now †¢ Our â€Å"power is in the present† †¢ The only moment that is significant is the present – Nothing exists except the â€Å"now† – The past is gone and the future has not yet arrived The Now †¢ Therapist will focus on the â€Å"what† â€Å"how† of a person without asking the à ¢â‚¬Å"why† questions – This is to promote an awareness of the moment – Questions such as â€Å"What is happening now? † or â€Å"What are you feeling in this moment? † are used to intensify the experience of the present create awareness †¢ To be fully aware is to live in the here now By reliving the past or worrying about the future, a person cannot be authentic and cannot come to terms with who one is †¢ For many people the power of the present is lost – They may focus on their past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future 13 †¢ â€Å"Why† questions lead only toward rationalizations and â€Å"self-deceptions† away from the immediacy of the moment 14 The Now †¢ Therapist encourages the present time by asking the client to: – Bring the past into the present by reenacting it in the present – e. g. imagine your father across from you in chair and tell him how you feel wh en he ignores you? The Now †¢ Therapist is seeking to help a person live their feelings rather than talk about them †¢ To live the moment rather than describe it in a detached way 15 16 The Now †¢ The past is recognized as having an important influence on a person’s present attitudes and behavior – But what is in the past is either brought into the here and now (â€Å"As you talk about this issue, what are your feeling now? †) so that a client can experience the feelings†¦.. – OR .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .postImageUrl , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:hover , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:visited , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:active { border:0!important; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:active , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Revolutionary War EssayUnfinished Business †¢ Feelings about the past are unexpressed – e. g. , resentment, rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, grief, guilt, abandonment – These feelings are associated with distinct memories fantasies – Feelings not fully experienced linger in the background interfere with effective contact †¢ Result: – Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness oppressive energy self-defeating behavior – Unexpressed feelings can result in physical symptoms – So Gestalt therapists emphasize paying attention to 18 the bodily experience 17 3 Process of Psychotherapy Goal of Gestalt psychotherapy is awaren ess †¢ Gestalt therapists do whatever is necessary to jolt the person into a higher level of awareness of self, environment, relationship with others †¢ Contact Cycle involves increasing awareness which leads to excitement which leads to contact action – Increase awarenessexcitementcontactaction 19 †¢ CONTACT – interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s individuality †¢ RESISTANCE TO CONTACT – the defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully †¢ Five major channels of resistance (i. . , styles of resisting contact): Contact and Resistances to Contact – Introjection (we passively incorporate what the environment provides do not know what we want or need) – Projection (we disown certain aspects of ourselves by assigning them to the environment; so we put them on others; e. g. , see quality in others, we avoid responsibility for who we are) – Confluence (a blurri ng of the differentiation between the self and the environment; e. g. high need to be accepted liked) – Retroflection (is turning back to ourselves what we would like someone else do to us; e. g. , lash out injure self because fearful of directing toward others) 20 – Deflection (distracting so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact Layers of Neurosis †¢ The phony: – reacting to others in stereotypical and inauthentic ways Energy Blocks to Energy †¢ Special attention is given to – where energy is located, – how it is used, – how it can be blocked †¢ Phobic layer: avoid the emotional pain that we would prefer to deny †¢ The impasse: – the point where we are stuck in our own maturation; w – we think we will not be able to survive †¢ The implosive level: – fully experience our deadness instead of denying it. †¢ Clients therapist want to be aware of the resistance which is being expressed in their body †¢ The explosive layer: – letting go of our phony roles pretenses which release much energy that we have been holding in 21 22 Therapeutic Process †¢ Therapeutic Goals Move towards increased awareness of themselves – Gradually assume ownership of their experience – Develop skills and acquire values that will allow them to satisfy their needs without violating the rights of others – Become more aware of all of their senses – Learn to accept responsibility for what they do, including accepting the consequences of their actions – Move from outside support toward increasing internal support – Be able to ask for and get help from others and to give to others 23 Therapeutic Process †¢ Therapists Function and Role Therapists notice what is in the foreground and the background. – Pay attention to the clients body language. – Focus on the language †¢ it talk client says it i nstead of I †¢ you talk client is asked to use I to make it more specific to the client †¢ questions this can hide the client †¢ language that denies power by adding qualifiers or disclaimers (i. e. but, I guess) †¢ listening to a clients metaphors can clue into the clients internal struggle †¢ listening for language that uncovers a story because you 24 can get an idea of their struggles 4 Therapeutic Process Clients Experience in Therapy – They are active participants who make their own interpretations meaning – Discovery: new view of old situation – Accommodation: clients recognizing that they have a choice – Assimilation: clients learning how to influence their environment Therapeutic Process †¢ Relationship Between Therapist and Client – Therapists need to allow themselves to be affected by their clients – Therapists share experiences in the here and now – Therapists do not manipulate clients â €“ Therapists give feedback – The I/thou relationship, a dialog relationship 26 5 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The Experiment in Gestalt Therapy Preparing Clients for Experiments Role of Confrontation Specific Techniques: – – – – – – – – – – – Internal dialogue exercise Making the rounds â€Å"I take responsibility for† Playing the projection Rehearsal exercise Reversal technique Exaggeration exercise Staying with feeling Guided fantasy Empty Chair Gestalt Approach to Dream Work Therapeutic Techniques Therapeutic Techniques †¢ The experiment in Gestalt Therapy Contact with an authentic therapist is needed – Experiments grow out of the interaction between client therapist – Experiments can take many forms, i. e. , †¢ Dramatizing the memory of a painful event †¢ Setting up a dialogue between client some significant person in their life 27 – Can be con sidered the cornerstone of experiential learning – Therapy sessions = a series of experiments which are avenues for clients to learn experientially – Experiments are spontaneous one of a kind relevant to a particular moment 8 Therapeutic Techniques †¢ The experiment in Gestalt Therapy – Is fundamental to contemporary Gestalt therapy – Gestalt therapists invite clients to engage in experiments that lead to fresh emotional experiencing and new insights – Bring struggles to life by inviting clients to enact them in the present – Crucial that experiments be tailored to each individual used in timely manner – Also must be carried out in a context that offers a balance between support and risk Therapeutic Techniques Preparing clients for experiments – Counselors need to know when to leave client alone – Counselor needs to know when to introduce experiments – Experiments depend on persons problems, what the person is experiencing – Clients active role in self-exploration – Respectful of the clients cultural background – Counselor needs to be flexible †¢ Role of Confrontation – It is important to be direct and confrontational – It can be done in an inviting manner and not harshly 30 29 5 .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .postImageUrl , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:hover , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:visited , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:active { border:0!important; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:active , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women And The Fight For Reform (549 words) EssaySpecific Techniques †¢ Internal dialogue exercise – the top dog and the under dog Specific Techniques †¢ Empty-Chair Technique: – When client speaks to an empty chair as if it were another person or another part of the client – Used to help the client get in touch with other views or other aspects of self †¢ Making the rounds – go to each person in the group and talk to them †¢ â€Å"I take responsibility for† – can be added to one of the clients statements †¢ †¢ Exaggeration Exercise: Counselor exaggerates mannerism of client or asks client to exaggerate mannerism in order to make client aware of true feelings Rehearsal exercise – to rehearse with the therapist out loud. †¢ Guided Fantasy: – Client is encouraged to visualize here now experiences †¢ Reversal technique – asking the client to do the opposite of their behaviors †¢ Playing the Projection: – Client is asked to play the role of the person who they are not connecting with 32 †¢ Staying with feeling – so that you can work through the fears 31 Specific Techniques †¢ Gestalt Approach to Dream Work †¢ Does not interpret analyze dreams †¢ Instead intent is to bring back to life relive them as though they were happening now †¢ Dream is acted out in the present dreamer becomes a part of his or her dream †¢ Suggested format: – Making a list of all the details of dream – Remembering each person, event, mood in it – Then becoming each of these parts by transforming oneself, acting as fully as possible inventing dialogue Specific Techniques †¢ Gestalt Approach to Dream Work Each part of dream assumed to be a projection of the self the client creates scripts for encounters between the various characters or parts †¢ All of the different parts of a dream are expressions of client’s own contradictory inconsistent sides †¢ By engaging in a dialogue between these opposing sides, the client gradually becomes more aware of the range of his or her own feelings †¢ According to Perls, the dream is the most spontaneous expression of the existence of the human being – Dream represents an unfinished situation – Also contains an existential message regarding oneself one’s current struggle 34 3 Current Status †¢ Perls still has his followers there are numerous Gestalt training institutes societies (e. g. , Dr. David Gorton’s Gestalt Therapy Training Center who visit’s our class) †¢ Interestingly, some of Perls techniques have gained favor among brief therapist family therapists because they are – designed for quick results – focus on the here and now Gestalt Prescription †¢ The Gestalt prescription, according to Naranjo, include the following: – Live now. Live here. – Stop imaging and needless thinking. Express, rather than manipulate, justify, and judge. – Do not restrict awareness. – Accept only your own â€Å"shoulds. † – Take responsibility for your own feelings, thoughts, and actions and, finally, surrender to being what you are. 35 36 †¢ In turn, other therapies (e. g. , dance, body work, Reichian techniques) have been combined with Gestalt techniques 6

Critical Evaluation for Case Study Critique - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCritical Evaluation for Case Study Critique. Answer: Introduction There are a variety of ways or guides for critiquing. All work in similar ways in understanding whether they have followed the correct procedure and principles of research, and key part is always the ability for the results to be generalised in terms of emphasis on accuracy and the ability to apply findings to other situations or generalizability. Models used for critique include the Crombie model; it is an essential tool for both qualitative and quantitative research. Secondly, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) is a tool designed by the public health experts and provides key tool for critique. Third tool for critique is the Parhoo model and finally the fourth is the Reel Model, (Wu et al., 2011) which is both used in quantitative and qualitative research. The journal for this article, Annals of Emergency has an impact factor of 5.009. Its publication site is in New York. It is reviewed as largest peer review based circulation journal in medicine, this give the confidence of having high quality data which can be utilised in other research settings. The authors are practising medical practitioners in the health care and have vast experience in utilising the care practice involved. The rich knowledge of the authors gives the confidence to believe in the results and be able to apply them with confidence. Title and abstract review The title of the research, Skin Glue reduces the failure rate of Emergency Department-Inserted Peripheral Intravenous Catheters, is relevant to the research and its form of presentation is clear and concise. It is more specific and direct on its intent. The objective of the research was clearly stated, and the proposed objective is to investigate whether the failure rate of peripheral intravenous catheters could be reduced by addition of skin glue to standard peripheral intravenous catheter care. The abstract of the document contained adequate information with regard to the experimentally methodology. Structure of the Study The literature review cited provides the relevant motivations for conducting this study in that, peripheral device catheters are commonly used in hospitals with approximately 80 % of the patients being applied. Of these, failure reported with its usage is between 33%-69% due to other factors such as phlebitis, occlusion, infection or dislodgement, thus the need for facilitating this study to address the problems arising. The literature review cited in reviewing this study are relevant and recent giving more up to data, reflects the current practices in catheter use thus giving a broader understanding of the topic under review. The gap in literature as outlined in the article is based on a review by Cochrane, which made a conclusion that there were no best practice methods to manage safe use of peripheral intravenous use of catheters. This gap in literature and practices informed the studying trying to come up with an effective method to manage the problem. In conducting this study, i t was hypothesized that addition of skin glue to the insertion site of peripheral intravenous catheters in emergency units reduces the device failure at a rate of 8 hours, this scientific hypothesis. The statement portrays the intent of the researchers to compare the two groups of patients, with key interest on care practice given. One group is given standard care and the other group is provides with intravenous application of peripheral catheter. The intervention indicated in the hypothesis confirms this intent by the researcher, in providing an alternate method for the treatment and application of catheter among patients in emergency care units in reducing the failure of the device within 48 hours of admission in the emergency unit. The Sample Selection The patients were selected from a list of admission who were being admitted in the hospital at the Emergency Unit. The screening process was facilitated by a registered nurse at the facility and patients who were admitted in the unit and above 18 years were recruited in the study. Exclusion criteria were informed by the presence of allergy and infection at the catheter area and that patient who were had intentions of removing the catheter and non English speaking patients were excluded. The participants were recruited through patients attending one health facility referred to as Caboolture Hospital; a community based health care facility. The methodology used was none blinded randomized controlled design in recruiting the participants of the study. Data Collection The data was collected using the use of peripheral intravenous catheters were performed with insertion included treatment with treatment of various solutions. The data of patients was collected at the enrollment and data tabulated in a table. Treatment follow-ups were done after 24 hours. The data were assessed and collected by the research nurses through person or face to face contact and telephone based method. The groups were given different measurement protocols in that the standard care group received standard care management while the skin group received standard care management with Cyanoacrylate skin glue applied at the insertion site as the treatment control. The data used were adequately described in that it quality was preserved. The data was collected with technology based aid, thus tampering of the data was minimised. Collection tools were the use of iPad, Apple, Cupertini, Form Connections, Laguna Niguel and transferred to Stata software and later analysed. This approac h was meant to minimise cofounding factors on the researcher on any tampering with the data which is a factor in its quality adherence. The instrument was adequately described however its validity and reliability were not assessed. There was no reported on the reliability measure of the instruments. The reliability of instruments used in any research to determine the extent t which concepts are accurately measuring the needed data. The analysis method of Assesment was the peripheral intravenous devices used in the process. Ethical consideration is such of research is essential in assuring the safety of the patients is assured. The research sought ethics approval from Caboolture hospital human research ethics committee before commencement of the study and registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trilas Registry. Data Analysis A total of 380 patients were receiving the peripheral intravenous catheters device were entitled and allocated, in this 11 patients were lost in the following and data for 369 patients were analysed. The rate of loss of the patients was as low as 0.83% per patients and outcome rates was further assessed using 95% confidence level. The follow ups were effective an a marginal number of patients were lost, this did not meet the threshold for affecting the data obtained, thus the data were valid and credible. The assessments of the patients in both groups the control and intervention were not blinded because it was not practical due to the suitable colour of the glue used and its appearances reflected in both groups of the study. The results obtained were statistically significant at p0.05 at a 95% confidence level. The statistics used were correlation in that the two groups were compared and statistical significance obtained to validate the treatment given if it had any impacts. The outcomes of the results was that catheter failure of 17% in the skin glue groups and 27% in the standard care group was reported at a 95% confidence level.. The primary outcome of the study results was that peripheral intravenous catheter failure at 8 hours while the secondary outcomes were the individual modes of peripheral intravenous catheter failure which includes infections, occlusions, dislodgements and phlebitis. The meaning of this outcome is that there was difference in between the groups being treated. Findings The findings were expected in the sense that the literature review had clearly stated that the main problem which often occurs with catheter fixation on the skin was due to inability to fix itself on the skin which was a major factor in dislodgement and loose attachments. The findings presented are well articulated and formulated in the manner in which the research was conducted by the study. The study process gives enough credibility to provide the required information for the judgment of the results. The results obtained are well articulated and easily applicable. The findings obtained by the researcher r were that peripheral catheter failure was reported at 10% lower at a 95 % confidence level with skin glue being 17% while the standard care was 27%. Phlebitis and occlusion was less with the skin glue care however they were not statistically significant to affect the quality of the results obtained. Limitation encountered in this study was that total blinding was not because the s kin glue was visible on the skin surface. Another encountered limitation of the study was the limited period of hospital stay by the patients. Some patients were discharged with an average stay at the hospital being 2.7 days and were discharged before examination by the research nurse. Many left the facility which this could be factor in shorter reflection of time and catheter failure increased rates with hospital stay after the 48 hours by the patients. A suggestion for further research was not suggested by the researcher in that it is termed as a conclusive study. The implications made of the research were that application of skin care glue in the administration of peripheral catheter was beneficial to the patients in the sense that it reduces hospital infections and complications, reduced length of stay in hospital, any related issues with catheter application could be significant reduced with patient benefits and satisfaction improved. The information provided by the reported gi ves room for replication of the study methods and process in other settings. The treatment processes involved are well applicable to replicate in other settings. Conclusion of the Study The study concludes that there no incidence of skin allergy experienced by the patients. The benefits associated with the skin care application are beneficial to the patient and improve the related outcomes. Thus the study concluded that the use of skin care treatment alongside peripheral intravenous catheter care reduced the significant rates in among the emergency department patients admitted at the study site hospital. Other studies done have found out that replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters have no effect on incidence of failure however when this study approach is used of applying skin care treatment to the procedure, reduces infections rate as the underlying factors associated with care. Thus it informs the findings of this study on the use of glue skin care on the peripheral intravenous catheter application. Relevance to Nursing Practice The use of peripheral intravenous catheter among patients has shown to impact negatively on the quality of care among patients, effects have included various complications to the patient which contribute significantly to reduce quality of care, (Arsaln et al., 2014). Associated complication such as phlebitis has admission occurrence of 75% on patients admitted to health care facilities, (Singh, Pun Bhandary, 2008). It has been investigated and shown to cause discomfort, prolong stay at the hospital and increased health care cost hence limit, thus affecting the rights of patients of getting affordable and quality health care. the current rates of 35%-50 % failure rates of catheters is termed as unacceptable practice and this giving unfair treatment to the patients, caregivers and affecting the quality of the overall health care system at large, (Helm et al., 2015). The application and practice of catheter use has been the most invasive procedures in the clinical practice among patients admitted in hospitals, with remedy solution being intravenous therapy, (Di Nisio et al., 2015). It has been found out that majority of the patients develop accompanying complications which include infections to the blood stream, (Maki et al., 2006). This health care issue has prompted the development of various approaches aimed at tackling the problem, which have included new innovative methods of securing the catheter position in patients, (Shah , 2005). Studies by CDC have suggested that catheters should be replaced after every 72-96 hours to reduce the infection rate in patients, (OGrady et al, 2002). However this recommendation is based on limited research conducted to ascertain this. Some of the observational studies have indicated that placing the catheters at safe places for longer periods could have a significant effect on the quality of care provided to the patient, (Van Donk et al., 2009). With this uncertain use of peripheral intravenous catheters on patients, there is need for a safe routine replacement to be utilised in the health care practice, which informs the basis of this study. This study is focused on human health care practice, and more so when it comes to clinical care. The context of the application of the catheter intravenous injection signifies its practise in the health care setting. The use of peripheral intravenous catheter use has been a general practise in health care and has been evidently researched and guidelines outlined. It is common method and approach used in hospitals and utilised in the administration of drugs, fluids or blood products. The procedure involves the intravenous catheter injection, it follows a wide range of experience in the practice which makes it more non ineffective when its failure rate is taken into consideration. The procedure of intravenous catheter administration has been the most invasive procedure applied to the patients admitted in hospitals an estimate about half admitted in hospitals receiving the therapy, (Malyon et al., 2014). Peripheral intravenous catheters have been used in health care and has been termed a time consuming procedure and more so when dealing the younger generation like children due to smaller veins, reduced cooperation and increased adipose tissue of the skin, (Webster et al ., 2008). The practice is relevant fort nursing care, as it is drug administration channel for drugs and medicines. References Arslan, M., Yal?n, S., Kesik, F., Demirci, B., Bal?k, . ?.(2014). Turkish Nurses Knowledge About Application, Care, and Complications of Peripheral and Central Venous Catheters and Port Catheters. Bugden, S., Shean, K., Scott, M., Mihala, G., Clark, S., Johnstone, C., Rickard, C. (2016). Skin glue reduces the failure rate of emergency department-inserted peripheral intravenous catheters: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 68, 196201. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.11.026 Di Nisio, M., Peinemann, F., Porreca, E., Rutjes, A. W. (2015). Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity. The Cochrane Library. Helm, R. E., Klausner, J. D., Klemperer, J. D., Flint, L. M., Huang, E. (2015). Accepted but unacceptable: peripheral IV catheter failure. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 38(3), 189-203. Maki DG, Kluger DM, Crnich CJ. The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:1159-71 Malyon, L., Ullman, A. J., Phillips, N., Young, J., Kleidon, T., Murfield, J., Rickard, C. M. (2014). Peripheral intravenous catheter duration and failure in paediatric acute care: a prospective cohort study. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 26(6), 602-608. OGrady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, Gerberding JL, Heard SO, Maki DG, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:759-69 Shah PS, Ng E, Sinha AK. Heparin for prolonging peripheral intravenous catheter use in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD002774. Singh, R., Bhandary, S., Pun, K. D. (2008). Peripheral intravenous catheter related phlebitis and its contributing factors among adult population at KU Teaching Hospital. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 6(4), 443-447. Van Donk, P., Rickard, C. M., McGrail, M. R., Doolan, G. (2009). Routine Replacement versus Clinical Monitoring of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters in a Regional Hospital in the Home Program A Randomized Controlled Trial. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology, 30(09), 915-917. Webster, J., Clarke, S., Paterson, D., Hutton, A., van Dyk, S., Gale, C., Hopkins, T. (2008). Routine care of peripheral intravenous catheters versus clinically indicated replacement: randomised controlled trial. BMJ?: British Medical Journal, 337(7662), 157160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a339 Wu, K., Takacs, D., Yao, T., Zhang, J., Yang, H., Wen, J. R., ... Reel, E. A. (2011). U.S. Patent No. 7,979,459. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Economic Growth Sustainability Essay Example

Economic Growth Sustainability Essay Although developed countries provide more income and benefits per capita, richer and poorer nations both experience poverty and unemployment. Therefore, prosperity to the individual as well as businesses lies in the environment and society. This report will provide insight towards global issues as well as visions and strategies towards prosperity, by revealing the financial and ecological effects of economic growth. Introduction CEO of The Colourful Corporation is concerned with the investments impact on environmental sustainability and its impacts. She is worried that protection and continuation of economic growth is unsustainable ecologically as well as financially. She questions the idea of prosperity being possible with continuous growth and if prosperity is possible as well without growth. Aim Provide CEO of the Colourful Corporation with a 3000-word report on a future vision and strategy she could consider for a sustainable Colourful Corporation. Financial Impacts of Growth Economies on Prosperity Economic growth and prosperity have a direct relationship to employment. Rich and poor nations who have arrived at or are working towards economic growth both share low employment. Growth nations allow individuals to not experience decline in income, while a nation without growth does not even allow income in the first place. In fact, a nation without economic growth barely provides its population with the subsidies to meet their minimal needs (Webb amp; Albert, 2010: 51). Current and future investment vision and strategies Investment at either small or large scale is required to help countries that are developing become sustainable economies. If emerging economies have to relive the entire industrial revolution with all its waste, its energy use and pollution, I think it’s all over† said Robert B. Shapiro, former CEO of Monsanto. Transition to sustainability â€Å"Leave the world better than you found it, take no more than you need, try not to harm life or the environment, and make amends if you do. † Paul Hawken who is an environment alist, entrepreneur and author. Economies with sustainable environments make a transition towards sustainability. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Growth Sustainability specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Growth Sustainability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Growth Sustainability specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer One way is to maintain a measurement system for resources, pollution, ecology, population and economics. The system includes actions such as rewarding behavior that is earth sustaining, using full-cost pricing strategies; poverty reduction; eco-labels use on products; improvements of efficiency in energy; reduction of waste and use of resources and preservation of bio-diversity. Inequality reduction rises with human capital as well as technological investments (Guiga amp; Rejeb, 2012: 471). Economies progress via management of resources through human development and economic integration that are components used to rate countries environmental performance. Although poverty is supported and uplifted by economic growth, countries with the lowest rating of environmental performance index usually have common, one or more of characteristics such as absolute poverty, weak governance, severe environmental degradation (Skare amp; Druzeta: 690). Environmental quality improvement through economic tools Economic tools are available for First of economic tools for environmental quality improvement include full-cost pricing. This explains market and external market costs involved with the impact of harmful purchases by consumers. This considers the consumer health as well as the health of the earth’s environment. Secondly, is eco-labeling. This tool provides consumers with information to purchase products, with knowledge of the impact in its production. The labeling and certification of products also motivate companies to provide services and goods to be produced in an eco-friendly manner. This tool is beneficial to the economy, company, ecology and the consumers’ well being. The final tool is replacing harmful materials with beneficial alternatives. Through the use of more sustainable resources at the national level, harmful businesses would be replaced with environmentally sustainable businesses. Effectively, natural resource depletion, pollution and waste will decrease. Here lies the incentive for businesses as well as consumers to save money by considering the future of surrounding ecologies. New industries, profits and jobs The environmental sustainable industry has been growing and creating new jobs and profits. Some areas of sustainable business include biodiversity protection; biofuels, environmental education, environmental engineering, ecotourism management, energy efficient product design, and many more. Sustainable businesses have created careers in fuel cell technology, hydrogen energy, pollution prevention, marine science, sale of services instead of products and solar cell technology. Companies in the sustainable industry implement efficient processes and equipment. Sustainable companies created more jobs than jobs lost in harmful and unsustainable businesses. Environmental industries are on par with the automobile industry on a global level, almost reaching 100 billion a year in sales and creating more than 11 million employment opportunities (Miller Jr. , 2007: 588). Environmental and human quality improved with poverty reduction According to the United Nations and the World Bank, there are 1. 1 billion people struggling to survive with an income not exceeding one U. S. dollar a day. Approximately half the world population’s income is between one and two U. S. dollars. Most income distribution is between rich nations, shaping 85% of global wealth distribution. The increase per capita in developed countries cause the rapid use of resources, faster than they could be reproduced to meet the survival need (Miller Jr. , 2007: 584). Income continues to rise towards the rich and cause the increasing wealth gap since 1980. The planet’s three richest people are wealthier than the poorest 47 countries combined GDP – consisting 600 million people (Miller Jr. , 2007). Valuing and monitoring services of the environment and ecology Environmental sustainability requires monitoring and valuing of ecology. Nonmarket subsidies of ecology excluded in the usual market transactions can be estimated in more than one way. The first method is the existence value, involving endangered forests or species at risk of extinction. Secondly, aesthetic value is a cost dedicated to measuring the beauty of nature. Lastly, the option value, or bequest, measures people’s willingness to pay for protection of nature or parts of it for the next generations (Miller, Jr. , 2007). Scarcity of resources affects its future value. Economists measure resources’ future value through the discount rate method. Since the value of today’s resources could be greater than in the future, harmful costs hidden from the consumer should be included. To earth, things cost more than a consumer can assume. Production of goods and their wage does not include health and harmful environmental costs. Although measurement uncertainties could arise such as air pollution, the cost-benefit analysis can serve as a basic yet useful instrument. Ecological Impacts of Growth Economies on Prosperity Unstable conditions of supply and demand of goods and services are not met directly correlate to the economic equilibrium (Tim Jackson, 2009). The second connection is the cyclic aspect defining the product output on the environment to reenter the environment without causing harm (Tim Jackson, 2009). Thirdly, economic development consisting of more views than one economic growth model involves changes in the attitudes institutions and society at a national level. (Tim Jackson, 2009) Pollution in the air Air pollution is one consequence of economic growth. Air quality is monitored today via satellites and advanced equipment. The same indicator of air pollution could be reached through biology, i. e. lichens feeding on pure air, which become crusty as a result of air pollution in industrial locations. Lichens are also useful for tracking the source of pollution, as they are nourished only in a pollution-free zone. Main sources of air pollution originate from industries of electric power, motor vehicles and industrial plants. Such industries directly disturb the troposphere, which acts as giver of life to the earth, and the stratosphere, acting as the sunscreen of the globe. Air pollution is primary degree pollution where it inflicts direct harm, unlike the troposphere in which it is considered second-degree pollution. Interaction between primary degree pollutions results in second-degree pollutions. Major contributors to air pollution are carbon oxides, nitrogen oxides, nitric acid, sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid. They are created by forests burning; exhausts of motor vehicles; smoking of tobacco and open fire cooking with environmentally harmful stoves. Air pollution is therefore created indoors as well as outdoors (Gall, et al, 2013: e3). Current and future investment vision and strategies Reducing and preventing air pollution includes clean up and prevention through increasing efficiency of automobiles, lighter SUVs and trucks; and redesigning management and operations of air traffic regulation and water ways. Other sustainable solutions for future investments are the burning of coal containing no sulfur, and converting coal into gas or liquid form, to remove pollutant after combustion. Current and future investments may include the distribution of cook stoves that are efficient and cheap in developing countries; regulation of indoor-smoking; and distribution of cheap testing material for indoor pollution. Most definitely, technologies should be distributed in the developing countries to efficiently provide energy. Developing and developed countries must rely on cleaner and energy that is renewable, especially wind and solar. Aquatic changes Water, a replenish-able resource, is also affected by economic growth, yet can also be monitored and measured (Vanden amp; Olmstead 2013: 157). Types include fresh water, groundwater and surface water, which are key resources. Currently, more than 50% of the world’s surface water that is reliable is used, and by 2025 there could 70-90% usage of water due to population and consumption increase. This estimate considers that current usage of water at the current rate per capita does not change (Miller, Jr. , 2007). In 2003 the world’s continents were measured in terms of their population vs. water resources (Miller Jr. , 2007: 307). North and Central America, South America and Caribbean and Oceania all supplied more water than population. In particularly, water supplies were more than four times the population in South America and Caribbean. Algae plants can be used instead of expensive purification systems for water cleansing. Communities and industries in developing countries would take advantage of this tool. Using processes that are natural to recycle as well as removal of chemicals and nutrients are sustainable approaches. Current and future investment vision and strategies Consider acquisition of public or private water companies. European companies such as Vivendi, RWE and Suez aim to manage and control 70% of the United States water businesses. These European companies understand the scarcity of water and the need to manage them for profit. The Colourful Corporation must acquire water companies or manage them in order to encourage environmental sustainability. Future investment strategies in water company acquisition and management include restructuring manufacturing processes. On the other hand, current investments for water management techniques include two options. First option is the installation of water measurement systems i. e. water meter in across company portfolio. Alternatively, would be the water purification system for real estate including multi-family, single-family, offices and hospitality. Waste As industries grow, waste grows with them. Solid waste is seen on a daily basis such as cans, food, bottles, packages and many more. There are also toxic and hazardous chemical wastes such as medically discarded waste from hospitals, automobile batteries and house cleaning and pest prevention products. Waste is therefore produced directly through households and indirectly through industrial productions, in addition to discarded products at the end of its use. Current and future investment vision and strategies The five sustainable R’s are: Refuse, Reuse, Reduce, Recycle and Repurpose. Reduction of solid waste for current investments requires control of excess consumption. Solutions include rental, use and reuse of capital expenditures. Future investments can focus more on redesigning the manufacturing use and produce process to reduce material, energy, waste and pollution. Human health Not only the environment is affected by hazards but the human health as well. Lung cancer is a probable risk along with other risks. Hazards affecting human health include chemical, biological and cultural types (Hungerbuhler, Wohrnschimmel amp; MacLeod, 2013). Diseases in developing countries have killed people suffering flu and pneumonia, disease cycles and tobacco being the three primary causes that are treatable health hazards in developed nations (Miller Jr. , 2007: 420). Current and future investment vision and strategies Solutions to hazards require current and future philanthropic investments to provide immunization to the children against more dangerous diseases. Also, to educate the public about HIV/AIDS and its symptoms, and improving the quality of water for drinking purposes will increase protection against deadly diseases on a daily basis. Energy Non-renewable energy adds to heating the earth as well as exhausting limited resources. Oil is the most commonly used source of energy but it will not be long before the oil wells dry out at an estimated time of about 50 to 90 years. As oil prices increase the economies and life-styles that are heavily dependent on oil will begin to shake unstable. As oil prices rise in oil dependent countries, prices of products and materials sharply rise as well, in production and transportation costs (Phannalangsi, 2011: 263). New ways extracting carbohydrates are a growing industry, also known as biotechnology. This is concentrated on food products such as soybean, corn and plants. With non-dependent oil countries, businesses can stay globalized and low-cost air travel will remain possible. Most importantly, reduction in wasted energy could provide a longer life to fossil fuel supplies, also lowers energy costs with higher net energy, lessens pollution and creates more jobs. Net energy efficiency is the measurement of only the useful energy obtained from a resource of energy after the energy wasted and used to produce that available energy is subtracted. Using electric motors that are energy efficient helps in saving money and energy by obtaining electricity and heat from one source of energy. There are electric motors that are energy wasting, yet must be replaced, as they spend approximately 10 times more than their purchase price only in recharging. That is equal to $200,000 a year of gasoline to fuel a car costing about $20,000 (Miller, Jr. , 2007). Current and future investment vision and strategies Current investments of The Colourful Corporation could consider replacement of incandescent inefficient lightings to fluorescent efficiency lighting in all types of investments as well. However, future investments should consider stronger and lighter materials that can reduce energy usage when it omes to production and especially shipping. Transportation is a key factor in daily life and improvement of it can change the world tremendously. Another way is to redesign buildings to save resources and energy via sun heat and rooftops filled with green plants. Green rooftops help absorb the produced carbon oxides back from the air. Also appliances that are energy efficient can b e useful for the corporation future investment strategy as well as efficient heating of water and houses. More can be achieved via solar energy as well. Food Food is equal to water in its importance to human health and growth. Economic growth without security of food and nutrition is pointless. Poverty in developing countries lack the means to provide necessary food supplies to one of every six people, even with production of food being ahead of population. This is a threat to the people’s health in developing countries, as it of barely meets the nutrition needs to fight disease and sustain good health. Poor nutrition has caused one in every three people to not meet one or more of the minerals and vitamins necessary such as iron and Vitamin A (Popkin amp; Ng: 199). Reduction of hunger problems must be met through motivating mother without HIV/AIDS to breast feed children, avoiding dehydration, and vitamins to prevent blindness at a cost of 75 cents a child. Programs can be provided to educate women about nutrition, childcare and birth plan calendar of possible births with full recovery before the next birth, usually every two years. Developed countries such as the United States suffer as well but from the excess of food. When fat is created it is dangerous if obesity when resulting obesity (Nayga, Jr. , 2008: 281). Overweight and underweight people face related problems such as illness and disease, decrease of quality of life and earlier death as well. In the world, 1. 2 billion people live with problems in healthy and lifestyle because of too much eating and 1 billion people live with lifestyle and health problems due to malnutrition. Current and future investment vision and strategies Philanthropic investments of educational programs can be used in both rich and poor nations. Reaching equilibrium in economic growth with good health provides more productivity as well as increased savings (Odrakiewics, 2012: 68). Conclusion Economic growth with prosperity is possible but not without a turning point in current business practices. Ecological prosperity includes repairing any damage to the ecology, not harming the air, water and soil, using as much as is needed with minimal excess, learning and imitating nature in ways it recycles, alongside the increase on subsidies. Financial prosperity includes providing education and security to the work force, as well health safety for those who cannot perform at full effort because of age, health and other factors. Preventing theft of intellectual property, fraud and enforce property and copy rights will thus maintain financial prosperity. References Ailenei, D. and Mosora, L. 2011. Economics of Sustainable Development. Competitiveness and Economic Growth*. Theoretical and Applied Economics, XVIII (2), pp. 5-12. Available at: http://content. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. lib. rmit. edu. au/pdf25_26/pdf/2011/78HU/01Feb11/59149547. pdf? T=Pamp;P=ANamp;K=59149547amp;S=Ramp;D=bthamp;EbscoContent=dGJyMNLe80Sep7M4v%2BvlOLCmr0ueprdSr6i4SLGWxWXSamp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrskyzrbFKuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA. Fisher-Vanden, K. and Olmstead, S. 2013. Moving Pollution Trading from Air to Water: Potential, Problems, and Prognosis. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27 (1), pp. 147-172. Available at: http://content. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. lib. rmit. edu. au/pdf29_30/pdf/2013/JEC/01Feb13/85292930. pdf? T=Pamp;P=ANamp;K=1343845amp;S=Ramp;D=eohamp;EbscoContent=dGJyMMTo50Sep7Q4v%2BvlOLCmr0ueprJSsKi4S7KWxWXSamp;ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrskyzrbFKuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA. Gall, E. , Carter, E. , Earnest, C. and Stephens, B. 2013. Indoor Air Pollution in Developing

The Basic Format of an APA Abstract with Examples

The Basic Format of an APA Abstract with Examples The first thing youll notice on an APA abstract is the running head, in all caps. Directly to the right of it, youll see the page number, which should be 2.This is because the running head and page number are required in all APA papers, and continued at the top right-hand side of the page in all capital letters, along with the page number denoting the second page of the paper, following the title page.Basic format of an APA abstractIn the basic format of an APA abstract, the word Abstract is centered and without additional font changes. Then the abstract content begins beneath it- all in one paragraph with no indentation and one-inch margins on either side.Here is an example of the basic format of an APA abstract:This is the format all APA abstracts should follow.Notice that the running title of the paper and the page number are at the header of the page. The abstract itself is beneath the title Abstract, which is centered and without additional format at the center of the page. Addi tionally, the keywords are included at the bottom- this time with an indentation and the word Keywords italicized. Each keyword is separated by a comma.The abstract, itself, should be correctly formatted. Specifically, it should be one paragraph that is NOT indented, and it should include the following information:An introduction to previous studiesThe main problems with the previous studies that are address in the new study.How the new study has been conducted.What the new study reveals that adds to previous studies.Conclusions of the new studies that add to the literature on the topic.Keywords related to the topic, indented, with the title of Keywords italicized and the keywords themselves separated by commas.Below is an example of a correctly formatted and written APA abstract.This is a sample APA abstract in the field of Education.This shows you the formatting required for an APA abstract, as well as an example abstract written. Notice how the opening sentence summarizes what th e paper explores. The second and third sentences state the problem in research that the paper aims to address. And the abstract closes with the final aims of the paper, along with the results of the study.Keywords are then included at the bottom. Notice how they are indented and separated by commas.Also notice the white space at the bottom of the page. This is what you should aim for when writing your abstract. An abstract that takes up an entire page is often an overwritten, wordy one- and one that goes beyond the recommended 150 to 250-word abstract.

The Impact of Leadership Styles on the Effectiveness of an Organizatio Assignment

The Impact of Leadership Styles on the Effectiveness of an Organization - Assignment Example The  vision of the organization is to become the premier Arab bank, invest in people, to deliver the world’s best quality products to its customers, to deliver the maximum returns to its shareholders, and benefit all the communities in which their operations took place (Oxford Business Group, 2008, pp.103-104). The bank had faced a lot of challenges but the organizational culture of the bank helped it to maintain its market position. The culture of conservatism and prudence in the National Bank of Kuwait proved to be a key to the success of the organization. The bank has the largest branch network in the country and has total assets of $58 billion. Many foreign firms and blue chip companies having their business in Kuwait has the national bank of Kuwait as their partner (Espinoza, Fayad and Prasad, 2013, pp. 111-112). The organization operates in a region where the political, geopolitical and financial crisis is a very common factor but a prudent, conservative culture, caref ul stewardship, and risk management organizational culture helps the firm to overcome such risks. The founders of the bank were merchants who were basically rich. The leader’s themselves has value for money and has a prudent nature. They strive and work hard for earning this money. The bank even had opened its global operations across London, Singapore and New York in order to provide extensive service to the wealthy clients of the bank and capitalize on the surpluses produced by the oil wealth of Kuwait. The bank has over the time adopted a regionalization and diversification strategy (Wohlers, 1983, pp.54-55). In order to adopt such a strategy the bank has broken down silos between the line and support functions and has transformed into more of a group structure. Commonly the banks do not have a very fun working place. The work culture at NBK is unlike a common bank. NBK has proved to be a receptive place to work, with the help of the open door policy. The open door policy initiates open communication within the work environment of the bank.  

Rhetorical Analysis Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Rhetorical Analysis Paper - Essay Example He does not only speak to Blacks but he widens his audience to include everyone. He starts this speech with "five scores years ago" which is a direct reference to Abraham Lincolns most famous speech. This grabs the listener and makes them ready to hear the rest of what he will say. He states that although the Emancipation Proclamation was signed over 100 years ago to free the slaves, that Blacks are still not free. As a leader, he knows that he must captivate his audience in order to help them understand what needs to happen to allow everyone to have the basic rights that are guaranteed to everyone under the U.S. Constitution. King also used a variety of metaphors to help people form their own images to relate to the images he was portraying. As an example, he suggested that "the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity "(King, 1964). All people can relate to this image and they understand the concept of the founding fathers creating a "promissory note" that said that all men were created equal, but that "America has given the Negro people a bad check." These images create an understanding and a deep appeal to each individual listening to the speech. King was a very self-motivated, optimistic and persuasive person. He was able to persuade people to take action and he brought about change. These are important leadership traits. He was an attractive and effective leader form the beginning to his death. According to Patterson, Grenny, MacMillan and Al Switzler (2002) there are seven steps that can be adopted in critical conversations which are: start at heart, learn to look, make it safe, master my stories, state my path, explore others paths and move to action. Crucial conversations are those conversations that are highly risky, take emotions, and feelings into consideration, and in which, the communicators have varying

Values Scenario 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Values Scenario 1 - Essay Example I was very happy at this time because of achieving great success. Godly virtues and values are discussed in this stage. I declare that God’s values such as honesty, faith and being compassionate to others have been very important in my life. Drawing example from the Bible one can see that Job was faithful to God, and that is why he was healed. In addition, forgiveness is a value that is of important to God. From the Bible, we know that God gave his only son for the sake of forgiveness of our sins (Gulla 34). I have succeeded in my exams and interviews because I had enough faith in God. Being a compassionate guy I have impacted on disabled persons, whom I assist with food and clothing. I felt satisfied when I managed a whole project by myself through perseverance and the same time having self-discipline. The completion of the project fulfilled my ultimate desire that one can succeed in life if you have self-drive and self-discipline. That success partly guaranteed me that I will be successful in future when a drive myself in every aspect of life. Other factors that contributed to that fulfilment include the support from my colleagues and the honesty in my work. My personal and work values include teamwork spirit, success, self-discipline, faith, perseverance and compassion. The experience, of working in a team, is memorable since it has led to success in our football club, schoolwork and at the workplace. My role models such as Bill Gates and Steve Jobs have utilised the teamwork, perseverance and self-discipline values to achieve

The Terms Of Internal And External Environments Business Essay

The Terms Of Internal And External Environments Business Essay An organisation has both internal and external environment. The external environment includes everything outside the firm that has the potential to affect the organisation. In contrast, the internal environment includes everything inside the firm that will affect the organisation towards success. Corporate culture has considered as the major element for the internal environment and it is very important to competitive advantage. The culture must fit on the demands of the external environment and company strategy to create a high performance organisation. It communicates how people should behave by establishing the values, beliefs, assumptions and norms shared in an organisation and conveyed through actions. Simply stated, corporation culture means the way we do things around here. Hence, corporate culture plays an important role within the organisation to ensure the company success over a long period. (Daft, R.L., 2008) As we know, different organisations develop a different culture that begins with its founder and leaders. People have a question, that is does the corporate culture really make a difference? The answer is definitely yes and especially in a changing world. According to many studies, under certain circumstances companies with strong cultures are more likely to be successful. (Hill McShane, 2008) Strong corporate culture is important for an organisation to achieve strategic goal and adapt to changes in the external environment. This might influence the organisational performance too. (Daft, R.L., 2008) Therefore, managers are the soul of an organisation. They are responsible in shaping and emphasize various cultures that can be fit in to motivate the employees so that the mission of the company are easier to attain. In the 21st century, the market competition becomes stronger. Managers have to face many challenges in managing his or her company. In a changing world, companies have to make changes in order to make profit and attract more customers. Besides, all organisations must interact with todays environment so that it is easier for them to shape their cultures. Not only has that, the managers are now realised that innovative is gradually become the key elements for a successful company. As the 21st century mangers, they have to know how to design an innovative culture and organisation. Managing change and innovation have become the center stage in the business world. What is innovation? Innovation may be defined as exploiting new ideas leading to the creation of a new product, process or service. (Shukla, A., 2009) It is now become a very significant element for an organisation to come out some brand new products or services to satisfy the market and society demand. Today, the new generation has gradually changing the way they manage within the organization and no longer with the traditional management mode. They are now reinforcing innovation in all directions, especially emphasize in the corporate culture and organisation. They will not only simply to create a culture for an organisation but also need to be strong and innovative so that it is more attractive. The leader of an organisation gives a strong and innovative corporate culture to the employees. The common values and beliefs about how to success should be clarify to the organizational members. However, the most important thing is to make sure everyone agree and clear enough with it so that the daily organisational life is well organized and consistent with company goals. To be innovative, organisations must go through many types of changes. Moreover, the company must develop improved production technologies, design new products and services to satisfy the consumers, carry out new admin istrative systems, and upgrade employees skill. (Daft, R.L., 2008) If you want your company to be outstanding, the first thing new managers should know is the company should be special from internal to external. It is the innovation! A company with innovative culture and organisation has create a fresh and interesting work environment, hence, the employee will more likely to be bring out more new ideas. The managers are required to create innovative and suitable ideas in order to implement it, which means the organisation must learnt to be ambidextrous. An ambidextrous approach means incorporating structures and processes that are appropriate for both creative impulse and for the systematic implementation of innovation. (Daft, R.L., 2008) For example, organic organisation that provides decentralised decision authority, flexible structure and greater employee freedom are benefit for the creation and initiation of new ideas. Frankly, most of the 21st century managers are more prefer to implement organic organisation rather than mechanistic organisation in their company. This is because the decentralisation achieves innovative thinking, teamwork and cooperation. In addition, the moving of a company will become fast and top management can focus on strategic plan. This is better for this century, which allows the employees from top to bottom level to participate in the meeting and bring out new ideas for the company to make products innovative. When people are able to share and then create a new strategic and life for the company, it makes the possibilities to create innovative culture in our organisation. Wherefore they say, today the companies have relied on product innovation to drive their business. In the other hand, to invent innovative products need coorperation among the members within an organisation. For instances, companies as Hewlett Packard, Samsung, and Dow have come out with a strategic that is invest in training programs to help spread innovation expertise throughout the  enterprise. This practice training may help in develop their internal organizations innovation capabilities too. (James, T., 2007) Furthermore, to overcome the challenges related to creating an innovative culture and organisation, open innovation has become the new project management of the 21st century. To identify the external source of innovation requires a creative organisation with the right culture, processes and tools to make it happen. For example, Cheryl Perkins is president and founder of innovationedge. She has over 23 years experience directing growth and innovation. She provided leadership to global teams, and oversaw the development of new strategic business opportunities that delivered competitive advantage across key business platforms in mature and emerging market while holding the position of chief innovative officer for Kimberly-Clark corperation. (Open innovation track, 2007) Another example is Google. By using an open innovation approach, Google issued a call for anyone to develop new software applications for its open-platform Android. The companys Developer Challenge will award a total of $10 million for the best new application. (Daft, R.L., 2008) Again, innovation is critical for companies that want to remain competitive in the long term. Although many companies realise its importance, it can be difficult to identify the sources of innovation and create an innovative culture. Hence, a good foundation is to build a culture in which every employee and not just the product development team but should be proactively develops ideas. Remember culture not easy to change and it usually take time, so today manager have to be patience to let those organizational members socialize in a new culture. However, some stages can be progress. The managers can work through these stages by build innovative teams, set up an innovative community, introduce innovation from top to bottom level throughout the company and involve partners innovation. (BNET Editorial, 2007) The stages are useful so that the employees are clear with it and can participate in decision-making. More fresh ideas will pop up while many different people involves in it. Now there are many companies has successfully driving innovation. Let take Procter Gamble Company (PG) as an example. Consider the case of Procter Gamble Company. Since A.G. Lafley became chief executive officer in 2000, the leaders of PG have worked hard to make innovation part of the daily routine and to establish an innovation culture. Lafley and his team preserved the essential part of PGs research and development capability world-class technologists who are masters of the core technologies critical to the household and personal-care businesses while also bringing more PG employees outside RD into the innovation game. They sought to create an enterprise-wide social system that would harness the skills and insights of people throughout the company and give them one common focus: the consumer. Without that kind of culture of innovation, a strategy of sustainable organic growth is far more difficult to achieve. They form several ways to achieve an innovative culture and organisation. The Consumer Is Boss   Procter Gamble is known for its highly capable and motivated workforce. However, in the early 2000s, our people were not oriented to any common strategic purpose. We had a corporate mission to meaningfully improve the everyday lives of the customers we served. If 15 seconds with a deodorant or two minutes with a disposable diaper have made a small part of your life a little bit better, then we have made a difference. Integrating Innovation we are constantly innovating how we innovate. We keep refining our product-launch model from idea to prototype, to development, to qualification, to commercialization. PG had not treated innovation as scalable in the past. We had always invested a great deal in research and development. When I became CEO, we had about 8,000 RD people and roughly 4,000 engineers, all working on innovation. However, we had not integrated these innovation programs with our business strategy, planning, or budgeting process well enough. At least 85 percent of the people in our organization thought they  were not  working on innovation. We had to redefine our social system to get everybody into the innovation game. The Talent Component PG used to recruit for values, brains, accomplishment, and leadership. We still look for these qualities, but we also look for agility and flexibility. We believe the soft skills of emotional intelligence fundamental social skills such as self-awareness, self-fulfillment, and empathy are needed to complement the traditional IQ skills.  Some people at Procter Gamble have struggled with this new approach, but most of our best people have done really well with it. Curiosity, collaboration, and connectedness are easy to talk about but difficult to develop in practice. We have tried to carefully identify and ease out people who are controlling or insecure, who dont want to share, open up, or learn who are not curious. And in the process, we have discovered that most of our people are naturally collaborative. We also try to develop people by giving them new stimulation and greater challenges. As they move through their careers, we deliberately increase the complexity of their assignm ents. That might mean entering a market that is not developed yet or a market with a competitor already firmly established. Whatever the challenge, it stretches them. (Lafley, A.G., 2008) Corporate culture can include symbols, stories, heroes, slogans, and ceremonies. It should be aligned with organizational strategy and the needs of the external environment to produce a effective organisation. From the case above, PG Company has created a social system that focused on the customers. They had a corporate mission to improve the daily lives of the customers they served. Hence, they expand their mission by create a slogan called The consumer is boss. They know one of the factor external environments that affect the corporate culture is the customers. They put their customers in the first position not just to value the people who make transaction with them, but gain the feedback from them. By listening to them, which mean to get feedbacks are important for them to improve their services and products. Therefore, as a new manager, he or she should be open-minded and willing to listen to the people and make changes. Sometimes customers can be part of the innovative team. By analyzing their feedbacks, it might have the possibilities for innovative team members within an organisation to arouse new ideas. The slogan has created to expresses the key corporate culture value that encourages the people to follow. Hence, managers must pay attention to the culture that may help the organizational performance. This company also integrating innovation by keep making better of their products. In order to bring everybody into innovation the game, the new president of the company expected all PG employees to understand the role they play in innovation. Their innovation practices are designed for enter into learning, across all their functions, product categories, and geographic locations. Once people understand a particular process, they can be easier to manage a strategic and innovative organisation. Moreover, he set up the social system to support it and to see much more idea that is new. They set business strategic that strongly connected to innovation so that they can survive in today competitive market. They open to ideas from more regions than in past because it helps to generate more ideas that can highly fulfill the needs of consumers. As a 21st century manager, they have to make sure people who work under their company are able to communicate and cooperate across organisational bounda ries. This is because a well-organised team, cross-functional nature of teams and clear team accountability are the main factor for a successful team innovation. Moreover, communication within an organisation is important for them to make commitment on the same direction whereas the company going to focus on. In addition, the PG also reinforce on the talent of component. A company wants to be successfully achieving a culture of innovation; the prerequisite is to make sure the entire organisation is unite. They had ease out the people who do not want to share, open up or learn and they found out most of their people are collaborative. They also give new stimulation and greater challenge to develop people.  In developing fresh meat like a younger manager or younger employee, they are more open to fresh and innovative thinking. They must have the guts to face any challenge in today strong competitive business world. Once people have succeeded at innovation, the energy in the company will change. It shows that as a new manger, he or she should use an innovative way to build an effective culture within the organisation. The organisation must share the common company goals to make sure they work towards the same direction while attain it. Besides, leaders are the one who encourage people to e xperiment and take risks to allow the new, special and unique ideas flowing in your organisation. (Lafley, A.G., 2008) In this century, the rapid development of science and technology has strong competitive ability. As a 21st century manager, he or she has the responsibility to nurture and sustain an innovation spirit and energy in the company where ideas are celebrated. We can conclude that a new manager has to clarify their companys vision and direction, create an environment of open communication, creative thinking and cohesive team. Moreover, they need to be patience, open-minded, acceptance of mistakes, encouragement of risk taking and make constant improvement. They are the role model for the people inside the organisation and able to motivate the team members to reach the expectations. Not only that, today manager needs fresh thinking to design a new approach for their company to suit them into an innovative world. This is important for them to design an innovative culture and organisation that motivate the people in creating new products and services to meet the customer demand. Thus, remain most of the old managing skills, thinking, services and production are no longer qualify in this century. Practice an innovative thinking in manages a corporate culture and organisation is effective today. Those responsibilities as stated above are essential for a 21st century manager to avoid the company eliminated from high competitive market and to overcome the challenges that they faced.

Lack of a Superego Impacts Montressors Behavior in Poes The Cask of A

Lack of a Superego Impacts Montressor's Behavior in Poe's The Cask of Amontillado Most readers would agree that Montressor, the protagonist in Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado", is mad to at least some degree. Is Montressor merely a twisted individual bent upon revenge or a man who lacks a superego? Assuming the latter is true, Fortunato was perhaps doomed for no reason discernable to someone possessing an ordered subconscious in which the superego assists the ego in policing the id. The injuries and insults visited by him upon Montressor might have been based on something so trivial as to confound the average man, or perhaps they existed only in the mind of the madman. Poe is renowned for his authorship of tales dealing with morbid psychology. Critiquing his work, Edmund Clarence Stedman says of Poe: "His strength is unquestionable in those clever pieces of ratiocination...and especially in those with elements of terror and morbid psychology added". Stedman goes on to say, "His artistic contempt for metaphysics is seen even in those tales which appear most transcendental. Th...

A Reflection on the Violence of the Current Times Essay

Wars and revolutions have been considered over the years as the most destructive choice that many nations have pushed through for the sake of fighting for their ideologies and interests. Just like the most aggressive natural disasters such as tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions, wars can end the lives of millions of innocent people in just a snap. All those ruthless bombing, deafening shootouts, and inhumane treatments among fighting nations are killing the world in such worse ways than natural disasters. This makes war as one of the most hated, resented, and feared concepts. However, it has also become one of the most tackled topics and themes in literature, allowing those who never experienced it to see a glimpse of its nature and reality. In James William Gibson’s article, Warrior Dreams, he talks about the feeling of being â€Å"unnamed† by a war that never became victorious. In the face of challenges and obstacles, this man who has been weakened by the fight seems to have formed illusions of invincible warrior heroes like Rambo, Dirty Harry and Jack Ryan (Gibson 625). An average and normal man would understand completely that the reality of being unmanned can be compared to a distressing situation in a man’s life where his greatest natural ability and strength are taken away: â€Å"Feeling unmanned by a war lost and by the rewriting of gender codes in the wake of the sexual revolution, millions of American men [†¦] began to dream, to fantasize about the powers and features of another kind of man who could retake and reorder the world† (Gibson 625). This would most certainly leave that person weak in his own awareness and belief; therefore, he will need something or someone—even an imaginary hero—from whom he can gain strength and an inspiration of invincibility. This, Gibson notes, can be one of the most potent roots of ruthless violence and inhumanity. Like many literary artists and sociologists who explored wars and revolutions in their works, Gibson admits that wars are practically naturally occurring events. He even claims that wars have divine histories as well — that during the ancient societies, even gods used wars as a way to set up the deified order of things: â€Å"These cosmogonic, or creation, myths posit a violent conflict between the good forces of order and the evil forces dedicated to the perpetuation of the primordial chaos. After the war in which the gods defeat the evil ones, they establish the ‘sacred order’† (Gibson 633). This claim, together with most of the academic claims about wars, implies that generally, wars are something which is innate in the tendencies of human beings and that war and violence appears to be never-ending exhibition of power by the humans—a power that they think they own. There are a lot of current issues and happenings that can be related to Gibson’s perspective on war and violence. Aside from the seemingly unending wars and violent acts rooted in religious conflicts and ideological clashes, Gibson’s discussion on the nature and reality of war and violence can also be exemplified in the case of a ruthless shooting in school done by mere adolescent boys rattled the entire nation — a nightmare that they never imagined to ever occur. It was a perfect spring morning in the fields of the Columbine High School in Jefferson County, Colorado. As the investigation revealed, the deaths of 13 innocent people were indeed done by two boys by the name of Eric Harris, 18 years of age and Dylan Klebold, 17 (Bradley). The two started packing their rigging weapons and bombs in their duffel bags on the morn of April 20, 1999. After preparing their weapons and god-knows-what, they headed to Columbine High School. It was past 11 in the morning when the first set of gunshots were heard by the students from the cafeteria and they immediately scooted under the table to protect themselves from what they cannot deny as danger. What followed next was a series of pointless, cold-blooded shooting and bombing by the two young gunmen. The police were immediately present in the area; however, they were not able to protect the lives of 13 innocent people who fell dead. After the shootings and bombing, when the police and the SWAT were finally ready to enter the campus, the gunmen, Harris and Klebold, ended their own lives. This was just one of the most gruesome and distressing violent acts the whole of America has witnessed over the years. However, what disturbed most Americans about this incident was the involvement of two young people as the gunmen themselves. After the incident, a lot of harsh critics passed the blame onto the media industry for their irresponsible broadcasting and insufficient monitoring and control with the messages and content they convey. A lot of parents not just grieved but also blamed every possible medium which they think has contributed to the growth of violent materials in the mass media industry and consequently affected the behavior of children. However, even to this date, no one can be really certain about what went on in Harris and Klebold’s minds to do such a thing. But considering Gibson’s discussion on the nature and reality of wars and violence, one could infer that these two boys just had an urge of power exhibition in false knowing and understanding that they can control and change the order of the world. Works Cited Bradley, Ed. â€Å"What Really Happened At Columbine? † CBS News. 17 April 2001. 9 July 2009. . Gibson, James Wilson. â€Å"Warrior Dreams. † Title of the Book. Ed. First Name Last Name. Location: Publisher, Year. 625–633.