Foundations of Psychology Paper - 785 Words

Running Head: FOUNDATIONS OF PSYCHOLOGY PAPER Foundations of Psychology Paper PSY/300 November 7, 2011 Betsy Ferronato Foundations of Psychology Paper * This paper will discuss the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions. The paper will also identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior. According to our reading in psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior. Mental processes include how a person thinks, feels, remembers as well as a person’s behavior. When a doctor needs to understand a person they need to know the person’s biology, psychological experience, and cultural context. What people experience during†¦show more content†¦* * A person’s physical body plays a vital role in how they behave. The nervous system carries signals to and from the brain, the spinal cord, glands, and muscles. Our nerve endings also are stimuli receptors; transmit a signal to the brain. When this happens it causes neurons inside the brain to be activated which produces a reaction. This reaction can be a muscle to contract or relax, or it might be to tell a gland to produce adrenalin it stressed or scared. The genetic make-up of a person will influence how the brain will react to different stimuli. The environment the person was raised in and previous experiences also play a factor. If a person has a disease or has had a brain injury then the signals may not carry as well to the brain or nervous system as well. An example is a person with Multiple sclerosis (M.S.) the signals do not always travel a smooth and straight path from the nervous system to the brain. * Reference: Kowalski, R., amp; Westen, D. (2009). Psychology (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Multiple Sclerosis. (2011). Retrieved on November 7, 2011 from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/multiple-sclerosis/DS00188 Nervous System. (2011). 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Censorship of Howard Hawks’ Film, Scarface Essay - 2339 Words

An Examination into Howard Hawks’ Film Scarface (1932), and Whether This Film Was Truly Dangerous, Deeming the Necessity for Censorship This paper discusses the controversial issue of censorship of Howard Hughes’ film Scarface (1932) while presenting the opinions of the proponents and opponents of the practice of censorship in Scarface. Although Scarface (1932), was thought to be a dangerous film during the 1930s, the film, in general, only portrayed the violence that already existed in the society at that time. The film wasn’t a â€Å"clear and present danger† to the public; therefore, the film shouldn’t have been censored. Changes that were made to the film at the behest of the Hays’ Office , may have been out of good intentions but†¦show more content†¦Hollywood had every right to make films on controversial topics, but various censorship boards thought otherwise, and these censorship boards felt that it was necessary to have c ommunity restrictions on immoral topics of controversy such as adultery, prostitution and divorce. The question was how censorship should be placed on films as well as to what extent in the way these controversial topics were presented (Black 53). Continuing the battle over screen content was not an easy task—issues were intensified as United States was facing the greatest economic decline in U.S. history caused by the Depression. As economic conditions were declining, the film making technology was improving greatly, making more exciting movies by turning â€Å"silent cinema† into â€Å"sound movies† (Black 53). Having this new technology allowed a more realistic form of entertainment that was different to other forms of entertainment such as novels. Consequently, these pictures became a great fascination to the public, offering a kind of cultural escape valve to which audiences could explore serious controversial issues that were comparative to the era that they were living in. Given that film producers were including contemporary controversial issues in their film along with the new technology of â€Å"sound movies† became a great controversial problem considering the morality of all audience s (women, men and children of all ages). One typeShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Motion Picture Code of the Great Depression1206 Words   |  5 Pages The Motion Picture Code of the Great Depression During the times of the Great Depression, film was viewed as a valuable importance to people. Film during this time of distress contributed to the maintenance of the national morale of America. During this time Hollywood played a valuable part, getting over eighty million Americans to attend theaters, but soon it would become a lot harder as America continued living in the Great Depression. Everyone in America, even the most troublingRead MoreClassicism and Modernism Essay2724 Words   |  11 Pageswas the golden-age of a new era of filmmaking. The films of that period went beyond the silent films being produced in the past. Diagetic sounds like dialogue and more advanced filmic techniques would push cinema to a new mode of filmmaking, that being classicism. The classical Hollywood structure was being developed in the past with silent films but it came to full fruition in the 30’s, where many filmmakers would produce feature-length films with fully developed storylines and the use of glamorous

Gestalt Therapy Essay Example For Students

Gestalt Therapy Essay Quotation GESTALT THERAPY Psychology 460 Counseling and Interviewing Sheila K. Grant, Ph. D. †¢ I am not in this world to live up to other peoples expectations, nor do I feel that the world must live up to mine. Fritz Perls 1 2 Theory of Personality †¢ A person exists by differentiating self from other by connecting self other †¢ These are the two functions of a boundary †¢ The boundary between self environment must be permeable to allow for exchanges, yet firm enough to enable autonomous action †¢ When the boundary becomes unclear, lost, or impermeable, mental emotional disturbance results 3 Gestalt †¢ A gestalt, or whole, both includes transcends the sum of its parts †¢ It cannot be understood simply as a sum of smaller, independent events †¢ It is chiefly that distinctive emphasis on looking to the whole for the meaning of the parts that unites a group of theorists into what is called the Gestalt school of psychology 4 Gestalt Therapy †¢ Fritz Perls (1893-1970) / wife Laura Perls (1905-1990) Gestalt Therapy Existential Phenomenological – it is grounded in the client’s â€Å"here and now† †¢ Initial goal is for clients to gain awareness of what they are experiencing doing now – Promotes direct experiencing rather than the abstractness of talking about situations – Rather than talk about a childhood trauma the client is encouraged to become the hurt child – Main originator developer of Gestalt Therapy †¢ Gestalt therapy – an existential/phenomenological approach †¢ Therapists try to i ncrease clients’ awareness †¢ Clients are expected to do their own seeing, feeling, sensing, interpreting 6 1 Gestalt Therapy An Overview †¢ Gestalt Therapy is another type of counseling that is based upon the existential framework. Key elements include: – 1. A Phenomenological Basis—You are seeking to focus on the client’s perception of reality – 2. Experiential—The client is being asked to come to understand about what and how they are thinking, feeling, and doing as they interact with the therapist and the other people in the world Gestalt Therapy An Overview – 3. We will write a custom essay on Gestalt Therapy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Existential—The person is to take responsibility for their destiny and identity †¢ The client is also encouraged to work in the â€Å"here and now,† not in the â€Å"there and then† – 4. Awareness—A key element in this theory is helping the client come to an awareness of what he or she is doing and experiencing †¢ This involves dropping those behaviors and barriers that would stop someone from experience one’s self 8 7 Gestalt Therapy An Overview †¢ Experiments—The therapist designs experiments to increase the client’s awareness of what he or she is doing, experiencing, and how he or she is doing it. 9 A Gestalt View of Human Nature Gestalt’s basic understanding of the human being is that people can deal with their problems, especially if they become fully aware of what is happening within oneself and outside of oneself †¢ Change happens in a person’s life when he or she can reintegrate a disown ed part of the self back into the mix of identity – A disowned part of the self is something that may conflict with how one perceives the self 10 A Gestalt View of Human Nature †¢ Problems begin when a person tries to be who or what he or she isn’t – Living with â€Å"masks† and being inauthentic does not promote change – In fact it promotes stagnation of the personality A Gestalt View of Human Nature †¢ Gestalt is a process of â€Å"reowning† parts of the self that have been disowned – This unification process leads to the goal of becoming strong enough to proceed with one’s own personal growth †¢ According to Gestalt, the more a person tries to be who they are not, the more they stay the same 11 †¢ Client needs to be in their current position and be aware of what they are, as opposed to trying to become what they are not †¢ Change takes place when a person is more aware of who and what he or she is – Once that is accepted, change towards a goal can take 12 place The Now †¢ Our â€Å"power is in the present† †¢ The only moment that is significant is the present – Nothing exists except the â€Å"now† – The past is gone and the future has not yet arrived The Now †¢ Therapist will focus on the â€Å"what† â€Å"how† of a person without asking the à ¢â‚¬Å"why† questions – This is to promote an awareness of the moment – Questions such as â€Å"What is happening now? † or â€Å"What are you feeling in this moment? † are used to intensify the experience of the present create awareness †¢ To be fully aware is to live in the here now By reliving the past or worrying about the future, a person cannot be authentic and cannot come to terms with who one is †¢ For many people the power of the present is lost – They may focus on their past mistakes or engage in endless resolutions and plans for the future 13 †¢ â€Å"Why† questions lead only toward rationalizations and â€Å"self-deceptions† away from the immediacy of the moment 14 The Now †¢ Therapist encourages the present time by asking the client to: – Bring the past into the present by reenacting it in the present – e. g. imagine your father across from you in chair and tell him how you feel wh en he ignores you? The Now †¢ Therapist is seeking to help a person live their feelings rather than talk about them †¢ To live the moment rather than describe it in a detached way 15 16 The Now †¢ The past is recognized as having an important influence on a person’s present attitudes and behavior – But what is in the past is either brought into the here and now (â€Å"As you talk about this issue, what are your feeling now? †) so that a client can experience the feelings†¦.. – OR .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .postImageUrl , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:hover , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:visited , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:active { border:0!important; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:active , .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7f999a8ec11782b1bf9d6a0cdfa30fff:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Revolutionary War EssayUnfinished Business †¢ Feelings about the past are unexpressed – e. g. , resentment, rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, grief, guilt, abandonment – These feelings are associated with distinct memories fantasies – Feelings not fully experienced linger in the background interfere with effective contact †¢ Result: – Preoccupation, compulsive behavior, wariness oppressive energy self-defeating behavior – Unexpressed feelings can result in physical symptoms – So Gestalt therapists emphasize paying attention to 18 the bodily experience 17 3 Process of Psychotherapy Goal of Gestalt psychotherapy is awaren ess †¢ Gestalt therapists do whatever is necessary to jolt the person into a higher level of awareness of self, environment, relationship with others †¢ Contact Cycle involves increasing awareness which leads to excitement which leads to contact action – Increase awarenessexcitementcontactaction 19 †¢ CONTACT – interacting with nature and with other people without losing one’s individuality †¢ RESISTANCE TO CONTACT – the defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present fully †¢ Five major channels of resistance (i. . , styles of resisting contact): Contact and Resistances to Contact – Introjection (we passively incorporate what the environment provides do not know what we want or need) – Projection (we disown certain aspects of ourselves by assigning them to the environment; so we put them on others; e. g. , see quality in others, we avoid responsibility for who we are) – Confluence (a blurri ng of the differentiation between the self and the environment; e. g. high need to be accepted liked) – Retroflection (is turning back to ourselves what we would like someone else do to us; e. g. , lash out injure self because fearful of directing toward others) 20 – Deflection (distracting so that it is difficult to maintain a sustained sense of contact Layers of Neurosis †¢ The phony: – reacting to others in stereotypical and inauthentic ways Energy Blocks to Energy †¢ Special attention is given to – where energy is located, – how it is used, – how it can be blocked †¢ Phobic layer: avoid the emotional pain that we would prefer to deny †¢ The impasse: – the point where we are stuck in our own maturation; w – we think we will not be able to survive †¢ The implosive level: – fully experience our deadness instead of denying it. †¢ Clients therapist want to be aware of the resistance which is being expressed in their body †¢ The explosive layer: – letting go of our phony roles pretenses which release much energy that we have been holding in 21 22 Therapeutic Process †¢ Therapeutic Goals Move towards increased awareness of themselves – Gradually assume ownership of their experience – Develop skills and acquire values that will allow them to satisfy their needs without violating the rights of others – Become more aware of all of their senses – Learn to accept responsibility for what they do, including accepting the consequences of their actions – Move from outside support toward increasing internal support – Be able to ask for and get help from others and to give to others 23 Therapeutic Process †¢ Therapists Function and Role Therapists notice what is in the foreground and the background. – Pay attention to the clients body language. – Focus on the language †¢ it talk client says it i nstead of I †¢ you talk client is asked to use I to make it more specific to the client †¢ questions this can hide the client †¢ language that denies power by adding qualifiers or disclaimers (i. e. but, I guess) †¢ listening to a clients metaphors can clue into the clients internal struggle †¢ listening for language that uncovers a story because you 24 can get an idea of their struggles 4 Therapeutic Process Clients Experience in Therapy – They are active participants who make their own interpretations meaning – Discovery: new view of old situation – Accommodation: clients recognizing that they have a choice – Assimilation: clients learning how to influence their environment Therapeutic Process †¢ Relationship Between Therapist and Client – Therapists need to allow themselves to be affected by their clients – Therapists share experiences in the here and now – Therapists do not manipulate clients â €“ Therapists give feedback – The I/thou relationship, a dialog relationship 26 5 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ The Experiment in Gestalt Therapy Preparing Clients for Experiments Role of Confrontation Specific Techniques: – – – – – – – – – – – Internal dialogue exercise Making the rounds â€Å"I take responsibility for† Playing the projection Rehearsal exercise Reversal technique Exaggeration exercise Staying with feeling Guided fantasy Empty Chair Gestalt Approach to Dream Work Therapeutic Techniques Therapeutic Techniques †¢ The experiment in Gestalt Therapy Contact with an authentic therapist is needed – Experiments grow out of the interaction between client therapist – Experiments can take many forms, i. e. , †¢ Dramatizing the memory of a painful event †¢ Setting up a dialogue between client some significant person in their life 27 – Can be con sidered the cornerstone of experiential learning – Therapy sessions = a series of experiments which are avenues for clients to learn experientially – Experiments are spontaneous one of a kind relevant to a particular moment 8 Therapeutic Techniques †¢ The experiment in Gestalt Therapy – Is fundamental to contemporary Gestalt therapy – Gestalt therapists invite clients to engage in experiments that lead to fresh emotional experiencing and new insights – Bring struggles to life by inviting clients to enact them in the present – Crucial that experiments be tailored to each individual used in timely manner – Also must be carried out in a context that offers a balance between support and risk Therapeutic Techniques Preparing clients for experiments – Counselors need to know when to leave client alone – Counselor needs to know when to introduce experiments – Experiments depend on persons problems, what the person is experiencing – Clients active role in self-exploration – Respectful of the clients cultural background – Counselor needs to be flexible †¢ Role of Confrontation – It is important to be direct and confrontational – It can be done in an inviting manner and not harshly 30 29 5 .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .postImageUrl , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:hover , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:visited , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:active { border:0!important; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:active , .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua825f833817cc470d6c446e3932d869e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women And The Fight For Reform (549 words) EssaySpecific Techniques †¢ Internal dialogue exercise – the top dog and the under dog Specific Techniques †¢ Empty-Chair Technique: – When client speaks to an empty chair as if it were another person or another part of the client – Used to help the client get in touch with other views or other aspects of self †¢ Making the rounds – go to each person in the group and talk to them †¢ â€Å"I take responsibility for† – can be added to one of the clients statements †¢ †¢ Exaggeration Exercise: Counselor exaggerates mannerism of client or asks client to exaggerate mannerism in order to make client aware of true feelings Rehearsal exercise – to rehearse with the therapist out loud. †¢ Guided Fantasy: – Client is encouraged to visualize here now experiences †¢ Reversal technique – asking the client to do the opposite of their behaviors †¢ Playing the Projection: – Client is asked to play the role of the person who they are not connecting with 32 †¢ Staying with feeling – so that you can work through the fears 31 Specific Techniques †¢ Gestalt Approach to Dream Work †¢ Does not interpret analyze dreams †¢ Instead intent is to bring back to life relive them as though they were happening now †¢ Dream is acted out in the present dreamer becomes a part of his or her dream †¢ Suggested format: – Making a list of all the details of dream – Remembering each person, event, mood in it – Then becoming each of these parts by transforming oneself, acting as fully as possible inventing dialogue Specific Techniques †¢ Gestalt Approach to Dream Work Each part of dream assumed to be a projection of the self the client creates scripts for encounters between the various characters or parts †¢ All of the different parts of a dream are expressions of client’s own contradictory inconsistent sides †¢ By engaging in a dialogue between these opposing sides, the client gradually becomes more aware of the range of his or her own feelings †¢ According to Perls, the dream is the most spontaneous expression of the existence of the human being – Dream represents an unfinished situation – Also contains an existential message regarding oneself one’s current struggle 34 3 Current Status †¢ Perls still has his followers there are numerous Gestalt training institutes societies (e. g. , Dr. David Gorton’s Gestalt Therapy Training Center who visit’s our class) †¢ Interestingly, some of Perls techniques have gained favor among brief therapist family therapists because they are – designed for quick results – focus on the here and now Gestalt Prescription †¢ The Gestalt prescription, according to Naranjo, include the following: – Live now. Live here. – Stop imaging and needless thinking. Express, rather than manipulate, justify, and judge. – Do not restrict awareness. – Accept only your own â€Å"shoulds. † – Take responsibility for your own feelings, thoughts, and actions and, finally, surrender to being what you are. 35 36 †¢ In turn, other therapies (e. g. , dance, body work, Reichian techniques) have been combined with Gestalt techniques 6

Critical Evaluation for Case Study Critique - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCritical Evaluation for Case Study Critique. Answer: Introduction There are a variety of ways or guides for critiquing. All work in similar ways in understanding whether they have followed the correct procedure and principles of research, and key part is always the ability for the results to be generalised in terms of emphasis on accuracy and the ability to apply findings to other situations or generalizability. Models used for critique include the Crombie model; it is an essential tool for both qualitative and quantitative research. Secondly, Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) is a tool designed by the public health experts and provides key tool for critique. Third tool for critique is the Parhoo model and finally the fourth is the Reel Model, (Wu et al., 2011) which is both used in quantitative and qualitative research. The journal for this article, Annals of Emergency has an impact factor of 5.009. Its publication site is in New York. It is reviewed as largest peer review based circulation journal in medicine, this give the confidence of having high quality data which can be utilised in other research settings. The authors are practising medical practitioners in the health care and have vast experience in utilising the care practice involved. The rich knowledge of the authors gives the confidence to believe in the results and be able to apply them with confidence. Title and abstract review The title of the research, Skin Glue reduces the failure rate of Emergency Department-Inserted Peripheral Intravenous Catheters, is relevant to the research and its form of presentation is clear and concise. It is more specific and direct on its intent. The objective of the research was clearly stated, and the proposed objective is to investigate whether the failure rate of peripheral intravenous catheters could be reduced by addition of skin glue to standard peripheral intravenous catheter care. The abstract of the document contained adequate information with regard to the experimentally methodology. Structure of the Study The literature review cited provides the relevant motivations for conducting this study in that, peripheral device catheters are commonly used in hospitals with approximately 80 % of the patients being applied. Of these, failure reported with its usage is between 33%-69% due to other factors such as phlebitis, occlusion, infection or dislodgement, thus the need for facilitating this study to address the problems arising. The literature review cited in reviewing this study are relevant and recent giving more up to data, reflects the current practices in catheter use thus giving a broader understanding of the topic under review. The gap in literature as outlined in the article is based on a review by Cochrane, which made a conclusion that there were no best practice methods to manage safe use of peripheral intravenous use of catheters. This gap in literature and practices informed the studying trying to come up with an effective method to manage the problem. In conducting this study, i t was hypothesized that addition of skin glue to the insertion site of peripheral intravenous catheters in emergency units reduces the device failure at a rate of 8 hours, this scientific hypothesis. The statement portrays the intent of the researchers to compare the two groups of patients, with key interest on care practice given. One group is given standard care and the other group is provides with intravenous application of peripheral catheter. The intervention indicated in the hypothesis confirms this intent by the researcher, in providing an alternate method for the treatment and application of catheter among patients in emergency care units in reducing the failure of the device within 48 hours of admission in the emergency unit. The Sample Selection The patients were selected from a list of admission who were being admitted in the hospital at the Emergency Unit. The screening process was facilitated by a registered nurse at the facility and patients who were admitted in the unit and above 18 years were recruited in the study. Exclusion criteria were informed by the presence of allergy and infection at the catheter area and that patient who were had intentions of removing the catheter and non English speaking patients were excluded. The participants were recruited through patients attending one health facility referred to as Caboolture Hospital; a community based health care facility. The methodology used was none blinded randomized controlled design in recruiting the participants of the study. Data Collection The data was collected using the use of peripheral intravenous catheters were performed with insertion included treatment with treatment of various solutions. The data of patients was collected at the enrollment and data tabulated in a table. Treatment follow-ups were done after 24 hours. The data were assessed and collected by the research nurses through person or face to face contact and telephone based method. The groups were given different measurement protocols in that the standard care group received standard care management while the skin group received standard care management with Cyanoacrylate skin glue applied at the insertion site as the treatment control. The data used were adequately described in that it quality was preserved. The data was collected with technology based aid, thus tampering of the data was minimised. Collection tools were the use of iPad, Apple, Cupertini, Form Connections, Laguna Niguel and transferred to Stata software and later analysed. This approac h was meant to minimise cofounding factors on the researcher on any tampering with the data which is a factor in its quality adherence. The instrument was adequately described however its validity and reliability were not assessed. There was no reported on the reliability measure of the instruments. The reliability of instruments used in any research to determine the extent t which concepts are accurately measuring the needed data. The analysis method of Assesment was the peripheral intravenous devices used in the process. Ethical consideration is such of research is essential in assuring the safety of the patients is assured. The research sought ethics approval from Caboolture hospital human research ethics committee before commencement of the study and registered with the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trilas Registry. Data Analysis A total of 380 patients were receiving the peripheral intravenous catheters device were entitled and allocated, in this 11 patients were lost in the following and data for 369 patients were analysed. The rate of loss of the patients was as low as 0.83% per patients and outcome rates was further assessed using 95% confidence level. The follow ups were effective an a marginal number of patients were lost, this did not meet the threshold for affecting the data obtained, thus the data were valid and credible. The assessments of the patients in both groups the control and intervention were not blinded because it was not practical due to the suitable colour of the glue used and its appearances reflected in both groups of the study. The results obtained were statistically significant at p0.05 at a 95% confidence level. The statistics used were correlation in that the two groups were compared and statistical significance obtained to validate the treatment given if it had any impacts. The outcomes of the results was that catheter failure of 17% in the skin glue groups and 27% in the standard care group was reported at a 95% confidence level.. The primary outcome of the study results was that peripheral intravenous catheter failure at 8 hours while the secondary outcomes were the individual modes of peripheral intravenous catheter failure which includes infections, occlusions, dislodgements and phlebitis. The meaning of this outcome is that there was difference in between the groups being treated. Findings The findings were expected in the sense that the literature review had clearly stated that the main problem which often occurs with catheter fixation on the skin was due to inability to fix itself on the skin which was a major factor in dislodgement and loose attachments. The findings presented are well articulated and formulated in the manner in which the research was conducted by the study. The study process gives enough credibility to provide the required information for the judgment of the results. The results obtained are well articulated and easily applicable. The findings obtained by the researcher r were that peripheral catheter failure was reported at 10% lower at a 95 % confidence level with skin glue being 17% while the standard care was 27%. Phlebitis and occlusion was less with the skin glue care however they were not statistically significant to affect the quality of the results obtained. Limitation encountered in this study was that total blinding was not because the s kin glue was visible on the skin surface. Another encountered limitation of the study was the limited period of hospital stay by the patients. Some patients were discharged with an average stay at the hospital being 2.7 days and were discharged before examination by the research nurse. Many left the facility which this could be factor in shorter reflection of time and catheter failure increased rates with hospital stay after the 48 hours by the patients. A suggestion for further research was not suggested by the researcher in that it is termed as a conclusive study. The implications made of the research were that application of skin care glue in the administration of peripheral catheter was beneficial to the patients in the sense that it reduces hospital infections and complications, reduced length of stay in hospital, any related issues with catheter application could be significant reduced with patient benefits and satisfaction improved. The information provided by the reported gi ves room for replication of the study methods and process in other settings. The treatment processes involved are well applicable to replicate in other settings. Conclusion of the Study The study concludes that there no incidence of skin allergy experienced by the patients. The benefits associated with the skin care application are beneficial to the patient and improve the related outcomes. Thus the study concluded that the use of skin care treatment alongside peripheral intravenous catheter care reduced the significant rates in among the emergency department patients admitted at the study site hospital. Other studies done have found out that replacement of peripheral intravenous catheters have no effect on incidence of failure however when this study approach is used of applying skin care treatment to the procedure, reduces infections rate as the underlying factors associated with care. Thus it informs the findings of this study on the use of glue skin care on the peripheral intravenous catheter application. Relevance to Nursing Practice The use of peripheral intravenous catheter among patients has shown to impact negatively on the quality of care among patients, effects have included various complications to the patient which contribute significantly to reduce quality of care, (Arsaln et al., 2014). Associated complication such as phlebitis has admission occurrence of 75% on patients admitted to health care facilities, (Singh, Pun Bhandary, 2008). It has been investigated and shown to cause discomfort, prolong stay at the hospital and increased health care cost hence limit, thus affecting the rights of patients of getting affordable and quality health care. the current rates of 35%-50 % failure rates of catheters is termed as unacceptable practice and this giving unfair treatment to the patients, caregivers and affecting the quality of the overall health care system at large, (Helm et al., 2015). The application and practice of catheter use has been the most invasive procedures in the clinical practice among patients admitted in hospitals, with remedy solution being intravenous therapy, (Di Nisio et al., 2015). It has been found out that majority of the patients develop accompanying complications which include infections to the blood stream, (Maki et al., 2006). This health care issue has prompted the development of various approaches aimed at tackling the problem, which have included new innovative methods of securing the catheter position in patients, (Shah , 2005). Studies by CDC have suggested that catheters should be replaced after every 72-96 hours to reduce the infection rate in patients, (OGrady et al, 2002). However this recommendation is based on limited research conducted to ascertain this. Some of the observational studies have indicated that placing the catheters at safe places for longer periods could have a significant effect on the quality of care provided to the patient, (Van Donk et al., 2009). With this uncertain use of peripheral intravenous catheters on patients, there is need for a safe routine replacement to be utilised in the health care practice, which informs the basis of this study. This study is focused on human health care practice, and more so when it comes to clinical care. The context of the application of the catheter intravenous injection signifies its practise in the health care setting. The use of peripheral intravenous catheter use has been a general practise in health care and has been evidently researched and guidelines outlined. It is common method and approach used in hospitals and utilised in the administration of drugs, fluids or blood products. The procedure involves the intravenous catheter injection, it follows a wide range of experience in the practice which makes it more non ineffective when its failure rate is taken into consideration. The procedure of intravenous catheter administration has been the most invasive procedure applied to the patients admitted in hospitals an estimate about half admitted in hospitals receiving the therapy, (Malyon et al., 2014). Peripheral intravenous catheters have been used in health care and has been termed a time consuming procedure and more so when dealing the younger generation like children due to smaller veins, reduced cooperation and increased adipose tissue of the skin, (Webster et al ., 2008). The practice is relevant fort nursing care, as it is drug administration channel for drugs and medicines. References Arslan, M., Yal?n, S., Kesik, F., Demirci, B., Bal?k, . ?.(2014). Turkish Nurses Knowledge About Application, Care, and Complications of Peripheral and Central Venous Catheters and Port Catheters. Bugden, S., Shean, K., Scott, M., Mihala, G., Clark, S., Johnstone, C., Rickard, C. (2016). Skin glue reduces the failure rate of emergency department-inserted peripheral intravenous catheters: A randomized controlled trial. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 68, 196201. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.11.026 Di Nisio, M., Peinemann, F., Porreca, E., Rutjes, A. W. (2015). Treatment for superficial infusion thrombophlebitis of the upper extremity. The Cochrane Library. Helm, R. E., Klausner, J. D., Klemperer, J. D., Flint, L. M., Huang, E. (2015). Accepted but unacceptable: peripheral IV catheter failure. Journal of Infusion Nursing, 38(3), 189-203. Maki DG, Kluger DM, Crnich CJ. The risk of bloodstream infection in adults with different intravascular devices: a systematic review of 200 published prospective studies. Mayo Clin Proc 2006;81:1159-71 Malyon, L., Ullman, A. J., Phillips, N., Young, J., Kleidon, T., Murfield, J., Rickard, C. M. (2014). Peripheral intravenous catheter duration and failure in paediatric acute care: a prospective cohort study. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 26(6), 602-608. OGrady NP, Alexander M, Dellinger EP, Gerberding JL, Heard SO, Maki DG, et al. Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2002;23:759-69 Shah PS, Ng E, Sinha AK. Heparin for prolonging peripheral intravenous catheter use in neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005:CD002774. Singh, R., Bhandary, S., Pun, K. D. (2008). Peripheral intravenous catheter related phlebitis and its contributing factors among adult population at KU Teaching Hospital. Kathmandu University Medical Journal, 6(4), 443-447. Van Donk, P., Rickard, C. M., McGrail, M. R., Doolan, G. (2009). Routine Replacement versus Clinical Monitoring of Peripheral Intravenous Catheters in a Regional Hospital in the Home Program A Randomized Controlled Trial. Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology, 30(09), 915-917. Webster, J., Clarke, S., Paterson, D., Hutton, A., van Dyk, S., Gale, C., Hopkins, T. (2008). Routine care of peripheral intravenous catheters versus clinically indicated replacement: randomised controlled trial. BMJ?: British Medical Journal, 337(7662), 157160. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a339 Wu, K., Takacs, D., Yao, T., Zhang, J., Yang, H., Wen, J. R., ... Reel, E. A. (2011). 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